1. The prion-induced disease of New Guinea natives that led to neurological degeneration is called
a) yam disease
b) bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
c) transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME)
d) pneumonic encephalopathy
e) kuru
2. The number of persons currently infected with Mycobaterium tuberculosis is in the
a) thousands
b) hundreds of thousands
c) millions
d) hundreds of millions
e) billions
3. In order for a virus to infect you
a) a molecule on the surface of the virus must match a molecule on the surface of one of your cells
b) it must be a pathogenic (disease causing) virus
c) your immune system must be damaged or at least depressed
d) you must have has a previous exposure to that same virus
e) it must be icosahedral in shape
4. The HIV protein(s) most likely to be recognized by the human immune response would be
a) reverse transcriptase
b) protease
c) the viral core proteins
d) CD4
e) gp120
5. The total number of free HIV particles circulating in the blood is often referred to as the
a) GRID number
b) breakpoint
c) T-cell count
d) viral load
e) CD4 count
6. Which of these is the LEAST sterile body fluid or body part?
a) your urine
b) your blood
c) your throat
d) your liver
e) your brain
7. Normally you have to swallow about a billion Vibrio cholerae cells to get cholera. But if you first take an antacid, how many would you need to swallow to get cholera?
a) about ten thousand fold more
b) about ten to twenty fold more
c) about the same number
d) about ten to twenty fold less
e) about ten thousand fold less
8. When BSE (“Mad Cow Disease”) is transmitted to humans, the resulting disease is generally referred to as
a) variant BSE
b) variant kuru
c) variant Creutzfeld-Jacob disease
d) variant scrapie
e) louping-ill
9. When And the Band Played On was written, unprotected anal intercourse was considered a very high risk behavior. Now, it is considered
a) less safe than oral sex
b) about as safe as oral sex
c) safer than oral sex, but still with some low risk
d) essentially safe except if there are open sores to allow blood-blood transfer
10. The “A” in AIDS stands for
a) Auto-
b) Acquired
c) Absolute
d) All-emcompasing
e) Allergic
11. If a bacterium divides once every hour, how many doublings would it take to get from one cell to 256 cells?
a) 2
b) 8
c) 9
d) 16
e) 256
12. The Black Death that killed so many people in Europe in the mid 1300’s was probably
a) Bubonic Plague
b) Influenza
c) Tuberculosis
d) Syphilis
e) Cholera
13. The term “Columbian Exchange” takes its name from
a) a medicinal plants called “columbine”
b) the region of South America now occupied by the modern nation of Columbia
c) the explorer Christopher Columbus
d) the fact that it rested on four “columns” of trade, religion, disease, and agriculture
e) an early 16th century pope
14. As of March 1999, the number of documented cases of HIV transmission by “casual contact” in North America and Western Europe combined was
a) between 1,000 and 2,000
b) between 150 and 300
c) between 40 and 60
d) between 1 and 3
e) zero
15. Even before AIDS was identified, Sandra Ford, a drug technician at the CDC noticed an unusually high number of orders for a special drug, pentamidine, and wondered how so many people in New York could be coming down with
a) drug resistant candidiasis
b) Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
c) Kaposi’s sarcoma
d) Toxoplasmosis
e) Cytomegalovirus infections
16. Which of these cell types can bind to an antigen and stimulate itself to begin dividing rapidly?
a) T helper cell
b) T killer cell
c) B cell
d) phagocyte
e) red blood cell
17. The infectious disease that killed the largest total number of people in a single year is
a) typhoid fever
b) cholera
c) influenza
d) tuberculosis
e) bubonic plague
18. Complement and antibodies are both elements of your immune response. When complement encounters an antibody that is free (i.e. not bound to anything) what happens?
a) Complement is triggeres to punch holes in anything nearby
b) Complement signals antibody-producing cells to make more of that specific form of antibody
c) Complement signals antibody-producing cells to stop making any more of that specific form of antibody
d) nothing
19. In the early days of the AIDS epidemic, AIDS was known as GRID. What did GRID stand for?
a) Generalized Reduction of Immunity Disorder
b) Gay Related Immune Deficiency
c) Greatly Reduced Immunity Disease
d) Growth of Rare Infections Disorder
e) Gradual Retrograde Immune Degeneration
20. Bacteria have been present on earth for
a) hundreds of billions of years
b) billions of years
c) millions of years
d) hundreds of thousands of years
e) thousands of years
21.Which disease poisons the body by causing the cells of the intestine to dump salt into the small intestine with the consequence that large amounts of water then follow?
a) typhoid fever
b) cholera
c) influenza
d) tuberculosis
e) bubonic plague
22. Which of the following cell types makes antibodies that are secreted into the blood?
a) T helper cell
b) T killer cell
c) B cell
d) phagocyte
e) red blood cell
23. HAART is an acronym used to describe
a) the Tuskeegee study
b) a collections of symptoms that are typical of AIDS
c) The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta
d) the five symptoms of a bacterial infection
e) the triple drug therapy for AIDS
24. The place where S. typhi hides in healthy carriers is most commonly
a. the liver
b. the gall bladder
c. the lungs and throat
d. the fingers
e. the stomach
25. The number of human cancers that are currently known to be caused by viruses is
a) zero
b) few
c) about half
d) most
e) all
26. What made Mary Mallon so special?
a) She was the first “healthy carrier” of typhoid fever identified in the US
b) She was the first “healthy carrier” of typhoid fever identified in the world
c) She is the woman who first grew HIV (which she and her colleagues called LAV)
d) She notied an unusually high number of cases of a disease requiring the restricted drug pentamidine
e) She was the first person in the world whose diagnosis of Typhoid Fever was confirmed by a bacteriological test
27. The causative agent for Oral Candidiasis (“Thrush”) in AIDS patients is
a) a virus
b) a bacterium
c) a fungus
d) a protozoan parasite
e) a worm
28. Which of the following is NOT one of the classic trio of factors that will determine whether an epidemic will be self-sustaining
a) the number of contacts between people per unit time
b) the probability of transmission per contact
c) how long the infectious state persists
d) whether the infectious agent is viral or bacterial
29. The cell type that is required for virtually every part of the immune response is
a) T helper cell
b) T killer cell
c) B cell
d) phagocyte
e) red blood cell
30. Rehydration is and effective therapy for treating
a) cholera
b) tuberculosis
c) influenza
d) bubonic plague
e) kuru
31. A person who believed that building his house on a hill would protect his family from cholera probably believed that cholera was caused by
a) a virus
b) a bacterium
c) a fungus
d) a miasma
e) evil spirits
32. A person who is genetically unable to make the CCR5 protein on the surface of his/her cells
a) has progressed to frank (full-blown) AIDS
b) cannot raise an immune response and thus has a hereditary immune deficiency with symptoms that resemble those of AIDS
c) is much more sensitive to HIV infection than a person who can express CCR5
d) is much more resistant to HIV infection than a person who can express CCR5
e) is probably dead (CCR5 is required for survival)
33. Why was there such a good collection of blood samples available for the gay men in San Francisco taken before AIDS (GRID) had even been identified?
a) Blood samples were part of the health exam required for getting a membership card to use the bathhouses
b) There was a plague of hepatitis and many gay men participated in a study to track its spread, requiring regular blood sampling
c) “Gay bowel syndrome” was so prevalent and doctors suspected a bloodborne pathogen, thus leading them to preserve a sample every time they treated this syndrome
d) Gay men were being arrested as “prostitutes” and the prostitution laws required that blood be tested for syphilis
e) San Francisco was part of a (failed) pilot project for the state of California in which a blood sample was to be taken whenever a person applied for a driver’s license
34. In Africa where blood tests are unavailable, which of the following is used as an indicator of early immune system failure in HIV positive persons?
a) Kaposi’s sarcoma
b) Toxoplasmosis
c) “Cat-scratch fever”
d) Oral Candidiasis (“Thrush”)
e) Malaria
35. Scrapie is a disease of
a) Sheep
b) Humans
c) Beef cattle
d) Minks kept in crowded cages
e) Chimpanzees
36. Doctors sometimes prescribe antibiotics for treatment of influenza. The effect of antibiotic therapy for influenza is most likely
a) reduction in the time of symptoms by about one-half, that is about 4-6 days
b) complete cure within 48 hours
c) aggravation of the symptoms and a prolonged recovery period
d) conversion of the patient into a healthy carrier of influenza
e) generation of antibiotic resistant bacteria
37. Cleve Jones, Paul Popham, Larry Kramer, and Bill Kraus would best be described as
a) elected politicians
b) research scientists
c) physicians who treat AIDS patients
d) AIDS activists
e) public health workers
38. Present data suggest that making sex education (including information about condoms) and making free condoms available to teenagers in a school setting results in
a) a decrease in the average age for becoming sexually active, but not much change in the total amount of sexual activity
b) no change in the average age for becoming sexually active, but a significant increase in total sexual activity
c) a decrease in the average age for becoming sexually active and an increase in the total amount of sexual activity
d) an increase in the average age for becoming sexually active and a decrease in the total amount of sexual activity
e) no change in either the average age for becoming sexually active or the total sexual activity
39. The term “innocent syphilis” refers to
a) syphilis derived from sources other than sexual contact or injection drug use
b) the stage of syphilis where there are no symptoms (also known as “latent syphilis”)
c) a relatively rare form of syphilis infection that is self-curing and has few symptoms
d) the non-infectious stage of syphilis brought on by treatment with mercury and arsenicals like neosalvorsan
e) diseases like gonorrhea that were once lumped together with syphilis
40. Human settlement of the “New World” actually occurred
a) somewhat earlier (about 10,000 to 20,000years) than human settlement of Europe
b) much earlier (at least 50,000 years) than Europe
c) about the same time as Europe
d) much later than Europe
e) initially about the same time as Europe, but this population died out in the same mass extinction as the dinosaurs and was replaced by a more recent repopulation about 3 or 4 thousand years ago
41. The number of persons thought to have died as a result of Mary Mallon was
a) none
b) 3
c) a few dozen
d) a few hundred
e) a few thousand
42. Robert Gallo, Luc Montagnier, Francoise Barre, and James Curran would best be called
a) elected politicians
b) research scientists
c) physicians who treat AIDS patients
d) AIDS activists
e) public health workers
43. What was Mary Mallon’s profession?
a) Nurse
b) Nanny
c) Cleaning lady
d) Cook
e) Laundress
44. Every virus known has
a) a membrane surrounding the capsid
b) a protein shell surrounding the nucleic acid
c) at least one piece of DNA
d) at least one pice of RNA
e) a nucleus and a cytoplasm
45. Patients whose AIDS has advanced to the late stage commonly develop multiple opportunistic infections. The infectious agents for some of these like Cat scratch fever
a) probably came from other AIDS patients
b) probably came from health care workers
c) probably were always there in the person
d) probably came from pets
46. The three major genes of HIV make about three times that many proteins. For example, one of the genes, pol, codes for three different proteins. This happens because
a) reverse transcriptase transcribes the pol gene into three separate pieces, each of which codes for a different protein
b) integrase integrates three different genes into the pol gene and each of these codes for a protein
c) protease cuts a large, inactive protein (encoded by the pol gene) into three smaller pieces, each of which is an active protein
d) the HIV genes interact, thus pol codes for one protein, pol+env makes a second protein, and pol+gag makes a third protein
e) the pol gene can be read in the forward direction, the reverse direction, or both directions
47. The time required for seroconversion after infection with HIV is usually
a) several hours
b) several days
c) several weeks
d) several years
48. The main reason that most people’s immune system cells do not attack their own body is that, ordinarily,
a) the gene shuffling is designed so that no such antibodies are possible
b) the body’s cells can resist attack by an immune response by disabling the T helper and T killer cells
c) the cells that would recognize “self” are forced to commit suicide during their maturation and development
d) the human immune response is not active against human tissue
49. The largest number of people infected with HIV live in
a) Africa (including both north Africa and sub-Saharan Africa)
b) Asia (including both India and southeast Asia)
c) Europe (including Russia)
d) North America (including Central America)
e) South America
50. The most common mode of transmission of HIV worldwide is
a) blood-blood contact
b) dried sputum
c) fecal-oral contamination
d) sexual intercourse
e) insect bites
51. The term “AIDS-related Complex” refers to
a) a milder form of AIDS that is usually not fatal
b) a set of psychological changes that occur in many AIDS patients when they discover that their disease is untreatable with current drugs
c) the early stages of immune failure that will lead to full-blown AIDS later on
d) the combination of CCR5 (or CXCR4) protein with CD4 protein that forms the actual receptor for HIV infection of susceptible cells
e) two different Mycobacterium species that together form an opportunistic infection in AIDS patients which resembles tuberculosis
52. A macrophage (phagocyte) is most active in eating a virus if
a) a T killer cell is also bound to the virus
b) the virus is coated with antibodies
c) the virus has the same “self” molecule as the macrophage
d) the virus is pathogenic
e) the virus is in the bloodstream rather than in the lymph nodes
53. Many of the first dozen or so San Franciscans who died of AIDS could be traced through sexual encounters (either directly or indirectly) to a single individual. Who was he?
a) Larry Kramer
b) Jim Curran
c) Jay Levy
d) Cleve Jones
e) Gaetan Dugas
54. In the time before seroconversion, an HIV infected individual is probably
a) not infectious
b) less infectious than a seropositive individual who has no symptoms
c) about as infectious as a seropositive individual who has no symptoms
d) more infectious than a seropositive individual who has no symptoms
e) less infectious than a seropositive individual who has full-blown AIDS
55. The use of mercury rubs as a successful treatment for syphilis was tried because
a) mercury cured scabies, which had a rash that looked like syphilis
b) mercury caused madness, as did syphilis, and it was thought overdoing the cause could lead the body to react and cure itself
c) the Aztecs had used mercury for centuries as a treatment for syphilis
d) the Incas has used mercury for centuries as a treatment for fever
e) mercury caused the skin to ooze or “weep” blood and this was seen as a “more scientific” form of the older practice of “bleeding” to treat disease
56. The late stage of syphilis is sometimes characterized by
a) a chancre (painless ulcer on the genitalia)
b) a red and itchy rash
c) cardiovascular denergation
d) complete failure of the immune system
57. When Mary Mallon was first approached by someone telling her that she was a carrier of Typhoid Fever and requesting that she submit for testing, she
a) accompanied him willingly to the hospital, but only the first time
b) sat silently and refused to answer his questions
c) contacted her lawyer
d) threw him out of the house
e) fled from the city
58. The heroine of the opera La Traviata, dies of what disease?
a) typhoid fever
b) cholera
c) influenza
d) tuberculosis
e) bubonic plague
59. John Snow is the person who
a) was the first to isolate and grow Mycobacterium tuberculosis
b) isolated influenza infected tissue from an obese woman buried in the permafrost in Brevig Mission, Alaska
c) invented the “acid-fast stain” for Mycobacterium tuberculosis
d) was the first to isolate and grow Vibrio cholerae
e) was the first to show that the infectious agent of cholera is carried in the drinking water
60. What is “clonal expansion?”
a) the ability to make many different kinds of antibodies that recognize and almost limitless array of different antigens
b) the ability of to distinguish between self and non-slef in the immune system
c) the ability of some T cells to attack other (larger) cells and even whole organisms that are not of the same “clone” or individual
d) the stimulation of cell division and proliferation in cells that have come in contact with an antigen that they can recognize
e) the partial digestion of antigen by a phagocyte and the presentation of the fragments derived from that on the surface of the macrophage
61. “PCR” is sometimes used to monitor HIV infection. what does the “C” stand for?
a) chain
b) cell
c) complement
d) coital
e) CD4
62. The lesson of “Typhoid Mary” lives on in a sign we see posed quite frequently, namely:
a. “Employees must wash hands before returning to work”
b. “No oysters in months without an R”
c. “Spitting is prohibited.”
d. “Reg. Pa. Dept. of Agriculture”
e. “Pasteurized”
63. Which of the following was NOT applied to Gaetan Dugas in And the Band Played On?
a) “the prettiest one”
b) “patient zero”
c) airline steward
d) French-Canadian
e) First North American AIDS death
64. Harvey Milk, George Moscone, Harry Britt, and Philip Burton would best be called
a) elected politicians
b) research scientists who treat AIDS patients
c) AIDS activists
d) public health workers
65. When did Mary Mallon die?
a. 1848
b. 1878
c. 1908
d. 1938
e. 1968
66. When And the Band Played On was written, the use of amyl nitrate inhalants (“poppers”) was considered a high risk behavior. Now, that behavior is considered
a) even riskier than it was before
b) about as risky as it was before
c) less risky than before
d) essentially safe
67. Salmonella typhi evade the body’s defenses because
a) It is not a pathogen and does not need to evade them
b) It is resistant to antibiotics
c) It grows faster than the body’s defenses can counter
d) It prevents the phagocytes from engulfing it
e) It blocks fusion of lytic vesicles with the vacuole containing it
68. The first line of defense of the human body against bacterial infections is
a) The immune response
b) The skin
c) Digestive enzymes
d) Water treatment
e) Antibacterial soaps
69. The Fore tribe’s exposure to kuru occured on an island
a) just north of Australia
b) just south of Australia
c) just east of Australia
d) just west of Australia
e) just southwest of Africa
70. Influenza is still a “reportable” disease. This means that
a) newspapers are permitted to publish not only its outbreak, but also the names of carriers
b) those diagnosed with Typhoid Fever must report at regular intervals to health officials for testing
c) physicians are required to report all cases to local public health authorities
d) public health officials are required to inform the public of any outbreaks in the region
e) medical journals still accept articles on Typhoid Fever for publication
71. Where would you be likely to find amyloid plaques
a) in the gall bladder
b) in milk and in the drinking water
c) in the brain
d) on a scientist’s wall
e) in the cytoplasm (“cell sap”) of a bacterium
72. Which of the following diseases is caused by a virus?
a) typhoid fever
b) kuru
c) AIDS
d) tuberculosis
e) bubonic plague
73. Tuberculin is
a) a highly effective vaccine against tuberculosis
b) a widely used, but only moderately effective vaccine against tuberculosis
c) a mild form of tuberculosis
d) the form of tuberculosis seen in AIDS patients
e) a skin test for exposure to tuberculosis
74. In the early 20th century, confinement in a sanitorium was widely used in the treatment and control of
a) typhoid fever
b) cholera
c) influenza
d) tuberculosis
e) AIDS
75. When the H5N1 flu was detected in chickens and people in Hong Kong a few years ago, the public health community was very worried because
a) it had the same H and N antigens as the 1918 pandemic strain
b) it came originally from pigs, just like the 1918 strain
c) it was 100% lethal to chickens and could have wiped out all the chickens in China
d) no H5 strain had ever been seen growing in humans before
e) this strain was highly transmissible from person to person
76. The bubonic plague is slower than pneumonic plague to kill its victims and also somewhat more survivable because
a) rat saliva has a compound that temporarily inhibits growth of Yersinia pestis
b) flea saliva has a compound that temporarily inhibits growth of Yersinia pestis
c) virulence factors needed for growth in warm blooded animals (humans) are not expressed in cold blooded animals (fleas)
d) human saliva has a compound that accelerated the onset of growth of Yersinia pestis
e) the aerosolized form of Yersinia pestis is somewhat less pathogenic than that carried by fleas
77. Because of the differences in the global distribution of kuru and CJD, epidemiologists would argue that
a) kuru is a better model to study the mode of transmission than CJD is
b) CJD is a better model to study the mode of transmission than kuru is
c) both kuru and CJD are excellent models for studying the mode of transmission
d) neither kuru nor CJD is a good model for studying the mode of transmission
e) neither kuru nor CJD is transmissible
(#78 was an invalid question)
79. AIDS and kuru are difficult to eradicate because the person who gets sick may have been infected many years before any symptoms develop. This is also often true of
a) typhoid fever
b) cholera
c) influenza
d) tuberculosis
e) bubonic plague
80. Which of the following was NOT part of the “Columbian Exchange?”
a) measles
b) syphilis
c) smallpox
d) tuberculosis
e) malaria
81. The organism that causes syphilis is
a) Salmonella
b) Helicobacter
c) Treponema
d) Borelia
e) Vibrio
82. Most, if not all, stomach ulcers are caused by a bacterium in the genus
a) Salmonella
b) Helicobacter
c) Treponema
d) Borelia
e) Vibrio
83. The test that made it possible to identify persons suffering from syphilis even in the absence of symptoms was developed by
a) Erlich
b) Parran
c) Wasserman
d) Calmette-Guerin
e) Koch
84. “The causative agent for kuru, vCJD, and scrapie is an aberrantly aggregated form of a normal protein and this agent lacks any nucleic acid.” With regard to this statement,
a) Gajdusek and Prusiner agree that it is true
b) Gajdusek and Prusiner agree that it is false
c) Gajdusek believes it is true but Prusiner believes it is false
d) Prusiner believes it is true but Gajdusek believes it is false
e) Prusiner knows it is false, but claims it is true nonetheless
85. Who is Eunice Rivers?
a) A historian of medicine and science
b) A nurse associated with the Tuskeegee Study
c) The first to see “scrapie associated fibrils” and to suggest that they are infectious
d) The head of the WCTU (“Temperance Union”) who opposed the pragmatic policies of the ISHB (Social Hygiene Board)
e) The grandmother of the first victim of vCJD in Great Britain
86. Which of these would be the least effective in treating syphilis?
a) Quinine
b) Mercury
c) Salvorsan (arsphenamine)
d) Penicillin
87. Richard Rhodes uses the term “industrial cannibalism” to mean
a) the swallowing of small agricultural businesses by large national trusts, and the subsequent swallowing of these by transnational and then multinational corporations
b) the policy of former government ministers taking jobs in the agrobusinesses they used to regulate, leading present ministers to regulate weakly to ensure future jobs
c) the eating of placentas in the field by sheep that later become ill with scrapie
d) the feeding of animal parts back to the animals
e) the practice of dismantling old, unprofitable industries and using their labor, capital, and machinery to enrich newer, governmentally subsidised industries
88. Which of these diseases can be caused by a virus
a) thrush
b) herpes
c) gonorrhea
d) syphilis
e) cryptosporidium
89. The play “Miss Evers’ Boys” is play about
a) the effects of a particular bordello on the spread of syphilis in an army camp
b) the role of an evangelist who preached sexual abstinence during World War I
c) the female scientist who developed an effective prophylaxis against syphilis
d) an experimental study of untreated syphilis
e) a woman who cared for babies born with congenital syphilis in New York City in the early 1900’s
90. Which of the following cells is a generalist? That is, which does not undergo gene-shuffling to generate a highly specific recognition molecule (an antibody or its equivalent)?
a) T helper cell
b) T killer cell
c) B cell
d) phagocyte
91. Why is Selma Dritz in the book And the Band Played On?
a) She kept track of orders for pentamidine (used to treat Pneumocystis carnii pneumonia)
b) She kept lists of early AIDS victims in San Francisco and their sexual contacts
c) She detected a retroviral enzyme (reverse transcriptase) in the blood from AIDS patients
d) she headed the Presidential Commission on AIDS during the Nixon Administration
e) She died of AIDS
92. Pictures of HIV taken with an electron microscope show that it is an enveloped virus with an inner core that is shaped like a
a) thread
b) football
c) cone
d) regular icosahedron
e) sphere
93. The most important mode of transmission of HIV in Africa is
a) homosexual intercourse
b) heterosexual intercourse
c) injection drug use
d) blood transfusion
e) re-use of contaminated needles in hospitals and clinics
94. What is CD4?
a) a protein on HIV that recognizes the CCR5 receptor
b) a protein present on T cells but not macrophages that is responsible for the conversion of HIV from M-tropic to T-tropic
c) a protein on present on macrophages but not T cells that is responsible for the conversion of HIV from M-tropic to T-tropic
d) a protein present on a small number of cell types and absolutely required for HIV infection
e) a protein lacking in people who have been repeatedly exposed to HIV but never infected
95. Which of the following diseases would be most likely to lead you to suspect that your friend was HIV positive?
a) Malignant carcinoma
b) Kaposi’s sarcoma
c) hepatitis B
d) genital herpes
96. The most sensitive test used to detect HIV is designed to detect
a) HIV-derived RNA
b) “core antigens” i.e., proteins derived from the viral core
c) reverse transcriptase
d) protease inhibitors
e) human antibodies against HIV
97. Why did we begin this course by studying Mary Mallon? (What relevance does she have to a course about AIDS?)
a) Because tuberculosis can be silent but infectious for years, just like AIDS
b) Because she her “sickness” was the first to be defined by a microbiological test (finding the typhoid bacterium in her stool), just as AIDS is defined by finding HIV in the blood
c) Because cholera is almost 100% fatal, just like AIDS
d) Becasue she was the “index case” for influenza, the first person to bring it to New York.
e) She was the grandmother of Robert Gallo
98. Cuba, with a policy of quarantine for HIV positive persons, has
a) no new HIV infections in almost ten years
b) a lower percentage of HIV positive people than any other country in the Western Hemisphere
c) a slightly higher percentage of HIV positive people than in the US
d) one of the highest percentages of HIV positive people in the Western Hemisphere outside of the US
e) nearly had its government toppled by the mass protests against the policy
99. The experience gained from requiring a blood test for syphilis to obtain a marriage license has been used in the argument about whether to institute a similar requirement for an HIV test. The fraction of all syphilis cases that were initially identified as a result of the marriage license test is
a) about 1%
b) about 10%
c) about 25%
d) about 75%
e) greater than 90%
100. Briehof is the name of
a) the chief health officer of the city of New York in 1907
b) a friend of Mary Mallon’s with whom she sometimes lived
c) a man who was also a “healthy carrier” of Typhoid Fever
d) a police official on Papua-New Guinea
e) the first European to die of the disease we now call AIDS