1. Which of the following are scientists associated with the AIDS crisis?
(a) Bob Gallo and Luc Montagnier
(b) Larry Kramer and Paul Popham
(c) Cleve Jones and Bill Kraus
(d) Harvey Milk and Phil Burton
(e) Gaetan Dugas and Enno Poersch
2. Bubonic plague is slower than pneumonic plague to kill its victims and somewhat more survivable because
(a) rat saliva has a compound that temporarily inhibits the growth of Yersinia pestis
(b) flea saliva has a compound that temporarily inhibits the growth of Yersinia pestis
(c) virulence factors needed for growth in warm-blooded animals (humans) are not expressed in cold-blooded animals (fleas)
(d) human saliva has a compound that accelerates the growth of Yersinia pestis
(e) the aerosolized form of Yersinia pestis is somewhat less pathogenic than that carried by fleas
3. Salmonella typhi is
(a) a bacterium
(b) a virus
(c) a yeast (fungus)
(d) a protozoan
(e) an insect
4. The most common source of new HIV infections in the US is currently
(a) anal intercourse
(b) vaginal intercourse
(c) oral intercourse
(d) injection drug use
(e) transplacental transfer
5. Infection with Bacillus anthracis causes a potentially fatal disease (anthrax) because B. anthracis produces
(a) viruses
(b) spores
(c) toxins
(d) antibiotics
(e) salt
6. The current AIDS pandemic probably began with a transmission from chimpanzees to humans somewhere around the years
(a) 1340-1355
(b) 1490-1495
(c) 1940-1950
(d) 1975-1980
(e) 1990-1992
7. In the infamous Tuskegee Study, “bad blood” was the euphemism for
(a) AIDS
(b) homosexuality
(c) African American
(d) immigrant
(e) syphilis
8. What does HIV’s integrase protein do?
(a) put proteins onto the surface of HIV
(b) allow viral particles bound to surface of a cell to become internalized in the cell
(c) cut large inactive proteins into smaller pieces that are active
(d) insert the DNA (which was copied form RNA) into the chromosomes of the cell
(e) copy the HIV RNA into DNA
9. Which organization has its headquarters in NYC?
(a) NIH
(b) CDC
(c) Gay Men’s Health Crisis
(d) Harvey Milk Club
(e) Alice B. Toklas Club
10. The principal mode of transmission for the disease called kuru is
(a) fecal-oral transfer
(b) contaminated water
(c) unusual sexual practices
(d) human cannibalism
(e) genetic mutation
11. If your tuberculin skin test is positive, that means that
(a) you have been exposed to tuberculosis (and infected by the germ)
(b) you have had active tuberculosis at some time in your life (even if not now)
(c) you have active tuberculosis now
(d) you carry drug-resistant tuberculosis germs
(e) you are not immune to tuberculosis (i.e. you are at risk)
12. The probability of transmitting HIV during sexual intercourse is reduced if a latex condom is used. The use of the condom reduces the risk
(a) between 2 and 7 fold
(b) about 100 fold
(c) to about 1 in 450,000
(d) to about 1 in 1,500,000
(e) to zero
13. The tragic tale of “Typhoid Mary” and the still more tragic tale of what were probably the first (undiagnosed) HIV infections in the US both occurred in
(a) Boston
(b) New York City
(c) Chicago
(d) Los Angeles
(e) San Francisco
14. The number of persons who are currently infected with HIV worldwide is about
(a) 40,000
(b) 400,000
(c) 4,000,000
(d) 40,000,000
(e) 4 billion
15. Scrapie is a disease of
(a) sheep
(b) humans
(c) beef cattle
(d) minks
(e) pigs
16. Some viruses are known as “retroviruses” because
(a) they make DNA from RNA
(b) they make RNA from DNA
(c) they make protein from RNA
(d) they make RNA from protein
(e) they make DNA from protein
17. The suggestion that mercury might be effective against syphilis was based on its use as an effective treatment for
(a) smallpox
(b) typhoid fever
(c) malaria
(d) gonorrhea
(e) scabies
18. An HIV-infected pregnant woman who delivers her baby by Caesarian Section and does not breast feed the newborn reduces the probability of transmitting HIV to the infant
(a) by about 30%
(b) about 6 fold
(c) about 24 fold
(d) about 100 fold
(e) not at all
19. In the early days of the AIDS epidemic, Kaposi’s sarcoma was sometimes referred to as
(a) PCP
(b) gay cancer
(c) gay bowel syndrome
(d) crypto
(e) toxo
20. If you are asked to provide a sample of your sputum, you are probably trying to confirm a diagnosis of
(a) typhoid fever
(b) bubonic plague
(c) tuberculosis
(d) syphilis
(e) HIV/AIDS
21. Which of these diseases is both incurable and 100%fatal?
(a) bubonic plague
(b) smallpox
(c) influenza
(d) inhalation anthrax
(e) kuru
22. Which of these “bodily fluids” is probably the safest in terms of transmission of HIV?
(a) urine
(b) semen
(c) vaginal secretions
(d) breast milk
(e) blood
23. The probable cause of both kuru and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease is
(a) a bacterium
(b) a slow virus
(c) a fungus
(d) an inherited disorder
(e) a prion
24. The “S” in AIDS stands for “syndrome.” What is a syndrome?
(a) a diseased condition whose course of progression is so severe that death occurs in the vast majority of cases
(b) a condition characterized by a collection of symptoms or diseases
(c) a condition characterized by a single, well-characterized symptom
(d) a disease caused by any one of a variety of infectious agents
(e) a disease caused by a single infectious agent
25. The worst pandemic of influenza in history spread rapidly to every part of the earth. This rapid spread was greatly aided by
(a) large troop movements related to a world war
(b) a general change in sexual behavior
(c) particularly warm temperatures resulting in an early spring and a prolonged autumn that year
(d) the rapid movements of people due the increasing use of airplanes for transportation
(e) the decision to stop using DDT in insect control and the resulting explosion of the mosquito population worldwide
26. The most common cause of stomach ulcers is
(a) stress and spicy foods
(b) environmental toxins
(c) pre-cancerous growths
(d) a bacterial infection
(e) a defective immune system
27. The conversion of AIDS from an outbreak to a pandemic probably resulted from
(a) the large troop movements accociated with World War II
(b) the large troop movements associated with World War I
(c) the paving of the trans-African highway
(d) the onset of the current round of global warming
(e) germ warfare experiments during the cold war
28. A normal, healthy human being is home to
(a) many bacteria, but only non-pathogenic ones
(b) many bacteria, but only pathogenic ones
(c) a mix of pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria and would be healthier if they were all eliminated
(d) a mix of pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria and would be sicker if they were all eliminated
(e) no bacteria at all
29. Complete the following analogy: Larry Kramer is to Cleve Jones as Ed Koch is to
(a) Sala Burton
(b) Lu Chaikin
(c) Frances Borchelt
(d) Francoise Barre
(e) Dianne Feinstein
30. Kuru and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease are principally a disease that affects cells in the
(a) small intestine
(b) lungs
(c) brain
(d) lymph
(e) gall bladder
31. Some cells in your body can ingest a whole bacterium, digest it to small pieces, attach those small pieces to a “self” molecule (also known as MHC), and put the complex of “self” plus small piece onto the surface of the cell. This process is known as
(a) complement fixation
(b) antibody binding
(c) T-cell maturation
(d) seroconversion
(e) antigen presentation
32. With what disease would you associate the nurse Eunice Rivers?
(a) HIV/AIDS
(b) syphilis
(c) typhoid fever
(d) cholera
(e) tuberculosis
33. Which of these would you expect to find on the outside surface of an HIV particle?
(a) protease
(b) integrase
(c) reverse transcriptase
(d) gp120
(e) RNA
34. In the early days of the AIDS epidemic in the US, AIDS was known as GRID. What does GRID stand for?
(a) Gradual Retrograde Immune Degeneration
(b) Growth of Rare Infections Disorder
(c) Greatly-Reduced-Immunity Disease
(d) Gay Related Immune Deficiency
(e) Generalized Reduction of Immunity Disease
35. The story of John Snow and the Broad Street pump in London is a story about
(a) typhoid fever
(b) influenza
(c) cholera
(d) inhalation anthrax
(e) HIV/AIDS
36. Pneumonic plague is transmitted by
(a) contaminated water
(b) fecal-oral contamination
(c) the bite of an infected flea
(d) droplets of air from coughs
(e) sexual contact
37. “Shingles” is caused by the reappearance of an active form of a virus that originally caused
(a) thrush
(b) chickenpox
(c) Kaposi’s sarcoma
(d) PCP
(e) mononucleosis
38. The human cell that is designed for swallowing up bacteria, enclosing them in a vesicle, and then dumping digestive enzymes from a lysozome into that vesicle to destroy the bacterium is a
(a) T4-helper cell
(b) T4-killer cell
(c) erythrocyte
(d) phagocyte
(e) antibody
39. At the present time, the odds that a person who gets a blood transfusion in San Francisco will get HIV from that blood are about one in
(a) a million
(b) a hundred million
(c) a billion
(d) a hundred billion
(e) a trillion
40. The main route for transmission of tuberculosis in the US is
(a) contaminated water
(b) fecal-oral contamination
(c) the bite of an infected flea
(d) droplets of air from coughs
(e) sexual contact
41. Which organisms have been on earth the longest?
(a) humans
(b) bacteria
(c) plants
(d) fungi (yeasts)
(e) fish
42. In persons infected with HIV, Pneumocystis carinii causes
(a) night sweats
(b) a rare form of cancer
(c) destruction of a specific class of T cells
(d) shingles
(e) pneumonia
43. The term “Columbian Exchange” generally refers to
(a) the high correlation between cocaine usage and HIV infection
(b) the transport of slaves from Africa to Meso-America in exchange for the transport of gold from Meso-America to Europe
(c) US support for the government of Columbia
(d) the transport of plants, animals, and diseases native to Europe to the New World and a reciprocal transfer of those native to the New World to Europe
(e) the hostages Columbus left on Santo Domingo in return for the native chieftains he took back to Europe
44. Which of these is true of AZT?
(a) It is the second most common cause of death in AIDS patients
(b) People who lack it are much more resistant to infection by HIV than those who have it
(c) It inevitably leads to full blown AIDS
(d) It reduces transmission of HIV from mother to offspring during pregnancy and birth
(e) Its symptoms resemble those of kuru, but the cause is a virus
45. How many Americans die of influenza in a typical (non-epidemic) year?
(a) about 200
(b) about 2,000
(c) about 20,000
(d) about 200,000
(e) about 2,000,000
46. The prion hypothesis is surprising in its claim that a disease can be transmitted by an agent that contains
(a) DNA, RNA, and protein
(b) protein and DNA, but no RNA
(c) protein, but no DNA or RNA
(d) DNA, but no protein or RNA
(e) DNA and RNA, but no protein
47. AIDS became established in Haiti relatively early. Why?
(a) Many Haitians worked in New York City and traveled back and forth to Haiti
(b) Many Haitians worked in Zaire, replacing the French-speaking Belgians after Zaire became independent
(c) Haiti has a high rate of homosexuality
(d) Haiti has a high rate of bisexuality
(e) Unsafe, promiscuous sex is part of the rituals of the dominant religious movement in Haiti
48. If a single bacterium divides once every 20 minutes, how many will there be after 4 hours
(a) 4
(b) 12
(c) 16
(d) 80 or 81
(e) more than 100
49. The “Polymerase Chain Reaction” (or PCR for short) is used to amplify the amount of something to make its detection easier. What is the PCR designed to amplify?
(a) DNA
(b) core antigens
(c) gp120
(d) human antibodies specific for HIV
(e) CD4 protein
50. As part of a germ-warfare experiment, Gruinard Island was seeded with spores of Bacillus anthracis which were still able to cause anthrax decades later. This was done by the
(a) Americans
(b) Germans
(c) French
(d) Iranians
(e) British
51. One of the early iatrogenic transmissions of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease involved
(a) using human growth hormone to treat pituitary dwarfs
(b) using factor VIII to treat hereditary hemophilia
(c) using blood plasma from pooled donors to treat battlefield injuries
(d) using whole blood to transfuse surgical patients
(e) using human testosterone to treat male impotence
52. HAART is an acronym currently used to describe the multi-drug therapy used to treat
(a) anthrax
(b) AIDS
(c) tuberculosis
(d) syphilis
(e) malaria
53. The beginning of the AIDS epidemic is generally marked by a paper published in MMWR just over
(a) 10 years ago
(b) 20 years ago
(c) 40 years ago
(d) 60 years ago
(e) 75 years ago
54. A picture of the organism that causes syphilis (using a microscope) most resembles
(a) a circle (sphere)
(b) a rectangle (cylinder)
(c) an oval (football)
(d) a comma (vibrio)
(e) a wavy line (spiral)
55. The time required for seroconversion after infection with HIV is usually several
(a) hours
(b) days
(c) weeks
(d) years
(e) decades
56. Which of these “slow” diseases is least like the others?
(a) kuru
(b) Hansen’s disease
(c) Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
(d) bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
(e) scrapie
57. The cause of AIDS is
(a) a bacterium
(b) a virus
(c) an environmental toxin
(d) an inherited disorder
(e) a prion
58. At the end of the nineteenth century, many people still believed in the close connection between miasmas and disease. What is a miasma?
(a) a poisonous vapor rising from rotting material and initiating disease in people
(b) an imbalance between the body’s four humours
(c) a deep sadness characterized by swooning and generally thought to refer to what we now know as “clinical depression”
(d) an evil spirit carried on the night wind, especially a northeast wind
(e) a microorganism
59. The term “AIDS-related Complex” or ARC refers to
(a) the early stages of immune failure that will always lead to full-blown AIDS
(b) the combination of the CCR5 protein and the CD4 protein that forms the actually receptor for HIV infection of susceptible cells
(c) a set of psychological changes that occur in many AIDS patients when they discover that their disease is untreatable with current drugs
(d) a milder form of AIDS which is rarely fatal
(e) the combination of three different drugs currently used to treat AIDS
60. Massive diarrhea would be a likely symptom of
(a) typhoid fever
(b) influenza
(c) cholera
(d) inhalation anthrax
(e) bubonic plague
61. Carlton Gajdusek and Stanley Prusiner are best known for their work on
(a) cholera
(b) kuru
(c) HIV/AIDS
(d) influenza
(e) tuberculosis
62. Complete the following analogy: Use of triple drug therapy is to HIV/AIDS as
(a) use of penicillin is to syphilis
(b) use of vaccination is to smallpox
(c) use of bleeding is to tuberculosis
(d) use of streptomycin and isoniazid is to tuberculosis
(e) use of mercury rubs is to syphilis
63. Cholera toxin poisons the body by causing the cells of the intestine to dump salt into the small intestine. As a result
(a) the salt makes you thirsty and you drink so much fluid that you essentially drown
(b) the salt is lost through excretion and you die from lack of sodium chloride
(c) the salt poisons all the “essential” bacteria that live in the gut and you get very weak because you become “germ free”
(d) the resulting salt water in the gut is poisonous to you
(e) the salt draws water from the cells to the gut and you die from loss of water from the body (dehydration)
64. How long does the asymptomatic stage last in most HIV-infected adults?
(a) several hours
(b) several days
(c) several weeks
(d) several years
(e) several decades
65. Fecal-oral transmission is the most common route for transmission of
(a) typhoid fever
(b) influenza
(c) bubonic plague
(d) syphilis
(e) HIV/AIDS
66. The effect of the first few waves of the bubonic plague that struck Europe in the mid fourteenth century on the population of Europe was
(a) an overall reduction in population of about 10%
(b) an overall reduction in population of about 50%
(c) an overall reduction in population of about 90-95%
(d) a reduction of about 70% in the South of Europe, but only about 5-8% in the North
(e) a reduction of about 70% in the North of Europe, but only about 5-8% in the South
67. In the time between HIV infection and seroconversion (positive ELISA test), an HIV infected person is
(a) infectious, but much less infectious than a seropositive individual with no symptoms
(b) infectious, and much more infectious than a seropositive individual with no symptoms
(c) infectious, but much less infectious than a person with full-blown AIDS
(d) non-infectious because there are no viral particles detectable in his blood
(e) non-infectious even though there are many viral particles detectable in his blood
68. Complement and antibodies are both elements of your immune response When complement encounters an antibody that is bound to its specific antigen, what happens?
(a) complement is triggered to punch holes in anything nearby
(b) complement signals antibody-producing cells to make more of that specific form of antibody
(c) complement signals antibody-producing cells to stop making any more of that specific form of antibody
(d) complement activates T4-helper cells to start dividing rapidly
(e) nothing
69. HIV is in a class of viruses called
(a) human T-cell lymphoma viruses
(b) poxviruses
(c) herpesviruses
(d) lentiviruses
(e) hantaviruses
70. Which of these was a public health worker in San Francisco in the 1980’s?
(a) Sandra Ford
(b) Selma Dritz
(c) Mary Guinan
(d) Mathilde Krim
(e) Donna Mildvan
71. There was a large collection of blood samples from gay men in San Francisco, all from about the time that HIV first entered this population. These were collected as part of a study of a possible vaccine for
(a) herpes
(b) hepatitis
(c) gonorrhea
(d) Kaposi’s sarcoma
(e) gay bowel syndrome
72. By the time that “Typhoid Mary” was identified, healthy carriers were responsible for an increasing percentage of the total number of cases of typhoid fever because
(a) more people were rich enough to hire unskilled labor as cooks
(b) European immigrants (especially Irish and Italian) generally had poorer hygiene than American-born citizens
(c) water supplies were filtered and the total number of cases from water-caused infections declined
(d) health standards for meat-packing and dairy-processing had fallen because of the crowding in the cities
(e) antibiotic therapy was effective against acute cases of typhoid fever but not against healthy carriers
73. In 1997, Richard Rhodes published a book that outlines the hunt for the cause of the disease called kuru and the links between variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease and “Mad Cow Disease” in Great Britain. That book is entitled
(a) Plagues and Peoples
(b) The Coming Plague
(c) Silent Spring
(d) Deadly Feasts
(e) And the Band Played On
74. What fraction of the new HIV infections in the US occur by “casual contact:” between family members?
(a) about 1%
(b) about 5%
(c) about 17 out of 20
(d) about 24%
(e) none
75. Once a bacterium had been taken up into a phagocyte and enclosed in a vesicle, it is likely that
(a) it is then coated with antibodies to target it for destruction
(b) it is digested by digestive enzymes poured into the vesicle from a lysozome
(c) it fuses with the cell membrane of the phagocyte and kills it
(d) it dies because of the high temperature inside the phagocyte
(e) it secretes a white substance that we know as “pus.”
76. The congressman whose committee kept appropriating money for AIDS research in the 1980’s even while the Administration said it did not need any more money was
(a) C. Everett Koop
(b) Margaret Heckler
(c) Henry Waxman
(d) Tim Westmoreland
(e) Donna Shalala
77. The immunological cell type that controls the entire process of clonal expansion is
(a) T helper cell
(b) T killer cell
(c) B cell
(d) phagocyte
(e) red blood cell
78. Physicians have recently tracked an unusual cluster of 11 cases of apparent Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in rural Kentucky and have linked those cases to eating which sort of meat?
(a) imported beef
(b) wild mice and rats
(c) wild deer
(d) wild snakes
(e) wild squirrels
79. If a person was born with a non-functional CCR5 protein (one of the chemokine receptors), that person
(a) would have a hereditary immune deficiency much like that of pediatric AIDS
(b) would die immediately because CCR5 is required for life outside the womb
(c) would be much more sensitive to infection by HIV
(d) would be much more resistant to infection by HIV
(e) would develop a whole range of cancers early in life, especially lymphomas
80. In most cases of death resulting from influenza, death is actually caused by
(a) penetration of the virus into the lungs
(b) penetration of the virus into the internal organs
(c) unrestricted growth of the virus in the bloodstream
(d) secondary bacterial infections that occur after the flu has weakened the person’s lungs
(e) appearance of drug-resistant forms of the virus
81. “Complement fixation” is the basis for a diagnostic test known as
(a) Wassermann Test
(b) PCR
(c) Western Blot
(d) Tuberculin Skin Test
(e) ELISA
82. One of the earliest symptoms of AIDS is a fungal infection of the mouth and throat caused by Candida albicans. This infection is often called
(a) crypto
(b) toxo
(c) thrush
(d) pneumo
(e) smersh
83. Which of the following people worked for the CDC during the early years of the AIDS epidemic?
(a) Selma Dritz
(b) Don Francis
(c) Michael Gottlieb
(d) Robert Gallo
(e) Myron “Max” Essex
84. Of the total number of cases of typhoid fever in New York City in 1906-1907, what fraction are now thought to have been caused by Mary Mallon?
(a) fewer than 1%
(b) 12-15%
(c) about two-thirds
(d) nearly 100%
(e) none
85. HIV-2 differs from HIV-1 in that
(a) HIV-1 is more common in the US than HIV-2
(b) HIV-2 is transmitted more efficiently by vaginal intercourse than HIV-1
(c) HIV-2 appears to have originated in birds whereas HIV-1 appears to have originated in chimpanzees
(d) HIV-2 infections can be cured, HIV-1 infections cannot
(e) persons infected with HIV-2 progress to AIDS more rapidly than those infected with HIV-1
86. The first stage of syphilis (Primary Stage) is characterized by
(a) a rash
(b) dementia
(c) sterility
(d) a chancre
(e) diarrhea
87. Which cell type secretes antibodies into the bloodstream?
(a) T helper cell
(b) T killer cell
(c) B cell
(d) phagocyte
(e) red blood cell
88. The majority of the people currently infected with HIV live in
(a) Africa
(b) Asia
(c) Europe
(d) North America
(e) South America
89. The death of two adolescents (and severe disability of a third) from Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in Britain in one year “sounded alarm bells” because
(a) they were all in the same hospital at the same time, raising questions about the safety of that hospital
(b) all three were from rich, powerfully connected families in Britain
(c) all three were homosexual
(d) CJD is extremely rare in young people
(e) the British press made a major scandal about their treatment
90. An ELISA test for HIV looks for the presence of
(a) viral particles of HIV
(b) viral antigens such as p24
(c) viral RNA
(d) viral DNA integrated in cellular chromosomes
(e) anti-viral antibodies in your blood
91. With respect to AIDS, the term “viral load” refers to
(a) the increase in blood pressure that results from the heart trying to pump the HIV particles through the small blood vessels (capillaries)
(b) the total number of free HIV particles circulating in the blood
(c) the number of different kinds of viruses (e.g. herpes, hepatitis, cold, etc.) that a person has been infected with
(d) the number of times a person has been independently infected with a different strain of HIV
(e) the continuous and debilitating effect of HIV on the immune system
92. The civil engineer who used epidemiological methods to identify Mary Mallon as the first documented “healthy carrier” of typhoid fever in the US was
(a) Josephine Baker
(b) Robert Koch
(c) George Soper
(d) Herman Biggs
(e) John Snow
93. One of the first iatrogenic transmissions of HIV/AIDS on record involved
(a) using human growth hormone to treat pituitary dwarfism
(b) using factor VIII to treat hereditary hemophilia
(c) using blood plasma from pooled donors to treat battlefield injuries
(d) using artificial insemination as a treatment for infertility
(e) using human testosterone to treat male sterility
94. Many of the first dozen or so San Franciscans who dies of AIDS could be traced through sexual contacts (either directly or indirectly) to a single individual. Who was he?
(a) Gaetan Dugas
(b) Rick Wellikoff
(c) Paul Popham
(d) Cleve Jones
(e) Bill Kraus
95. Some bacteria form structures called spores. Spores are designed to allow the bacteria to
(a) attach to cells in the lining of the lung
(b) alter the salt/water balance in cells
(c) evade the immune system by hiding inside phagocytes
(d) accumulate iron
(e) survive harsh environmental conditions
96. At the present time, about 50% of the cases of syphilis in the US occur in 31 counties. Most of these counties are located
(a) in the rural South
(b) in California and other states that border Mexico
(c) in and around the port cities of the East, West, and Gulf coasts
(d) in states with high populations of immigrants from Africa and Southeast Asia
(e) in and around the industrialized Northern and Midwestern cities
97. To an immunologist, the term “clonal expansion” refers to
(a) the conversion of a relatively small phagocyte into a much larger macrophage
(b) the doubling of all the immune response cells that must happen when a developing embryo splits and identical twins are generated
(c) the generation of a large population of cells that produce exactly the same antibody
(d) the cutting of a large gene into little pieces and their reassembly into an absolutely unique new gene that codes for a single specific antibody
(e) the stimulation of macrophage division in response to chemical signals secreted by T-helper cells
98. In 1987, Randy Shilts published a book that described the early years of the AIDS epidemic in the US. That book is entitled
(a) Plagues and Peoples
(b) The Coming Plague
(c) Silent Spring
(d) Deadly Feasts
(e) And the Band Played On
99. The greatest risk for an American epidemic of Mad Cow Disease is probably from
(a) transmission of scrapie from pigs to beef to humans in the US
(b) transmission from imported beef used in pet food to cats to humans
(c) cattle imported from Britain before 1990
(d) cattle originating in Britain and imported through a third country (especially Canada or Mexico)
(e) spontaneous occurrence of an American strain of BSE (Mad Cow) in US beef cattle
100. If a doctor accidentally sticks herself with a needle that has been used on an HIV positive patient, the odds that she will become infected by HIV are
(a) 100%
(b) about 50-50
(c) between one in a hundred and 1 in a thousand
(d) about one in ten or twenty thousand
(e) about one in 1,500,000