1. The current risk of becoming infected with HIV from a blood transfusion is about 1 in
a)Ten thousand
b)One hundred thousand
c)One million
d)Ten million
e)One hundred million

2. The newest of the anti-HIV drugs, Fuzeon, targets
a)Reverse transcriptase
b)Protease
c)gp41
d)gp120
e)CCR5

3. Christopher, our guest lecturer is a long-term survivor of HIV/AIDS because
a)His virus is resistant to most drugs
b)His virus is especially sensitive to the common drugs used in HAART
c)He has only one good copy (and one mutant copy) of the CCR5 gene instead of the usual two good copies
d)He began taking massive doses of AZT early in his infection, when the drugs were being smuggled in from Mexico
e)He has HIV-2, which is much slower acting than the more common HIV-1

4. The first research group to identify the virus that causes AIDS was
a)A French group at the Pasteur Institute
b)An American group at the CDC
c)An American group at the NCI
d)An American group at UCLA
e)An American group at the San Francisco County Hospital

5. The most common opportunistic infection in AIDS patients is
a)Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS)
b)Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)
c)Oral candidiasis (Thrush)
d)Cryptosporidium
e)Cryptococcus

6. What effect does circumcision of males have on the transmission of HIV from female to male during vaginal intercourse?
a)It increases transmission about 10-20 fold
b)It increases transmission about 2-3 fold
c)It has no known effect
d)It decreases transmission about 2-3 fold
e)It decreases transmission about 10-20 fold

7. The mayor of New York City who did little to stop the spread of AIDS during the 1980s was
a)Harry Britt
b)William Foege
c)David Sencer
d)Diane Feinstein
e)Ed Koch

8. “Bug Chasers” is a term sometimes applied to
a)The CDC group who originally formed the Kaposi’s sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections Task Force
b)The two competing research groups headed by Bob Gallo and Luc Montagnier
c)A group of San Francisco public health workers headed by Selma Dritz who tracked the spread of sexually transmitted diseases, especially those who tracked down the sources of infection in the bath houses
d)The group of CDC and WHO workers who eradicated smallpox in the 1970s and who are currently working on the eradication of other diseases (especially polio)
e)HIV negative men who intentionally seek to become infected with HIV, usually through sex with HIV positive men

9. For what fraction of HIV/AIDS patients does HAART (triple drug cocktail) fail as a treatment?
a)Less than 10%
b)About 30%
c)About 50%
d)About 70%
e)More than 90%

10. One of thedifferences between Bob Gallo’s original HTLV-I and the French LAV viruses is that
a)LAV killed lymphocytes and HTLV-I made them proliferate
b)LAV was a retrovirus and HTLV-I was a pseudoretrovirus (with and RNA genome but no reverse transcriptase)
c)LAV was isolated from humans but HTLV-I was from monkeys or chimpanzees
d)LAV was found exclusively in African AIDS patients, HTLV-I was found mostly in Japanese AIDS patients
e)No antibodies could be made that would recognize LAV but antibodies were available that would recognize HTLV-I, except Gallo would not release them

11. Kaposi’s sarcoma is caused by
a)A virus different from HIV
b)HIV, the same virus as causes AIDS
c)A fungus other than Pneumocystis carinii
d)Pneumocystis carinii, the same fungus that causes PCP
e)A bacterium or pair of bacteria related to Mycobacterium tuberculosis

12. Why was AIDS prevalent in Haiti so early in the pandemic?
a)Because Haiti has a high percentage of homosexual and bisexual men
b)Because Haiti has a high percentage of injection drug users
c)Because the Congolese government recruited Haitians to replace expelled Belgians after independence was declared
d)Because Haiti is an overwhelmingly Roman Catholic country and the bishops of Haiti explicitly forbade condom use under all conditions
e)It wasn’t.  But all Haitians with AIDS were sent to the US (“dumping”) making it look as though most Haitians were suffering from AIDS

13. The phrase “the down-low” is most likely to be used in which community?
a)African-American
b)Fundamentalist Christian
c)Gay male
d)Blood bank workers
e)Politicians in sub-Saharan Africa

14. The term “herd immunity” suggests that
a)Infectious diseases are less transmissible in crowded populations
b)In general, infectious diseases that arise in animals are less transmissible to humans that those that arise in humans
c)Animals are less susceptible to infectious diseases than humans
d)Once a large fraction of a population (herd) becomes immune, the rate of new infections will fall because the probability of successful transmission per contact is reduced
e)Herbivores (vegetarians) are less susceptible to many infectious diseases that a re not sexually transmitted than carnivores (meat eaters).

15. A brief treatment with low doses of AZT can
a)Prolong life in a person with AIDS by as much as two years
b)Reduce transmission from mother to child during birth by a factor of three
c)Reduce viral load dramatically for as long as two years, but without affecting life expectancy
d)Eliminate the worst of the opportunistic infections (especially KS and PCP) for several months, but rarely longer than one year
e)Reactivate latent tuberculosis because of single-drug resistance problems

16. The newest of the anti-HIV drugs is Fuzeon.How is fuzeon administered?
a)As an injection in the navel
b)As a pill that must be accompanied by at least one quart of water
c)As a liquid with a taste so foul that many patients cannot tolerate it and must be sedated in order to avoid vomiting
d)As in injection in the jugular vein in the neck
e)As a series of 8 pills per day, five of which must be taken with food, and three of which must be taken with no food for the 4 hours before or after the pill.

17. In May of 1983, Stanford University Medical Center became the first major center to test donated blood for signs of AIDS, using a machine to measure the ratio of T-helper cells to total T-cells. As a result
a)There was a flood of requests for federal funding of cell-sorting machines, but the Reagan administration almost always rejected those requests
b)Blood banks in New York argued that such tests were appropriate (and even overdue) in California, where AIDS was prevalent, but unnecessary in New York
c)Stanford was sued for not testing blood earlier
d)The FDA had no choice but to follow suit and force testing of all donated blood
e)Other blood banks opposed Stanford’s action as pandering and “selling fear”

18. A person who is diagnosed with ARC (AIDS-related complex)
a)Is infected by HIV-2, a slower acting and less virulent virus than HIV-1
b)Has only one copy of the normal CCR5 gene (and one mutant copy)
c)Has no normal CCR5 gene
d)Has an early form of HIV/AIDS, but whose CD4 cell count is higher than someone with “full-blown” AIDS
e)Has an early form of HIV/AIDS, but whose CD4 count is lower than someone with “full-blown” AIDS

19. The movie star whose diagnosis with AIDS shocked Americans and began the acceptance of HIV/AIDS within the would of celebrities was
a)Gary Grant
b)Gary Cooper
c)Rock Hudson
d)Humphrey Bogart
e)Elizabeth Taylor

20. Which of these is estimated to have the highest risk of death?
a)Death of the patient from heart surgery
b)Death of the physician from a needle-prick if the patient was HIV positive
c)Death of the patient if the physician is HIV positive
d)Death from a blood transfusion in 2006

21. Selma Dritz did most of her work on AIDS while working for the
a)National Cancer Institute
b)CDC
c)GMHC
d)San Francisco Health Department
e)Office of Congressman Phil Burton (and later Sala Burton)

22. Which of these is least likely to result in transmission of HIV from an HIV positive male to an HIV negative female?
a)Anal intercourse with a latex condom
b)Anal intercourse without a condom
c)Vaginal intercourse with a latex condom
d)Vaginal intercourse without a condom
e)Oral intercourse without a condom

23. Which of these is NOT one of the classes of drugs currently effecting in treating HIV/AIDS
a)Compounds that look like RNA building blocks and fool the reverse transcriptase into making a dead-end product
b)Compounds that bind to reverse transcriptase and cause it to deform and become inactive
c)Proteases that cleave the reverse transcriptase to an inactive form
d)Compounds that inhibit the enzyme that cuts the HIV-encoded polyproteins from their inactive form into smaller, fully active forms
e)Compounds that interact with interfere with the protein that promotes fusion of the HIV membrane with the cell’s membrane

24. Christopher, our guest lecturer, contracted his HIV infection from
a)Having unprotected sex with his lover
b)Having unprotected sex with men other than his lover
c)Injection drug use
d)A non-sterile tattoo needle
e)A blood transfusion

25. The city with the most effective programs for AIDS treatment and prevention in the 1980s was
a)New York City
b)San Francisco
c)Los Angeles
d)Miami
e)Chicago

26. Which of these is not caused by a kind of herpes virus?
a)Shingles
b)Genital warts
c)Kaposi’s sarcoma
d)Cold sores
e)Chicken pox

27. An influential play about AIDS, The Normal Heart, produced in April of 1985, was written by
a)Larry Kramer
b)Randy Shilts
c)Cleve Jones
d)Arthur Miller
e) H. Auden