1. The most important mode of transmission of HIV in Africa is
a)Injection drug use
b)Re-use of contaminated needles in hospitals and clinics
c)Blood transfusion
d)Vaginal intercourse
e)Anal intercourse
2. The germ that played the greatest role in allowing Europeans to conquer the great empires of the Aztecs and Incas was
a)Vaccinia virus
b)Variola major virus
c)Treponema pallidum
d)Mycobacterium tuberculosis
e)Influenza virus
3. The first stage of syphilis is generally characterized by
a)a chancre (painless ulcer on the genitalia)
b)a red and itchy rash
c)cardiovascular degeneration
d)severe arthritis caused by an autoimmune reaction
e)neurological symptoms (that often progress to dementia)
4. One disease was especially fearsome in the 16th and 17th century because it left survivors with disfiguring scars, especially on the face and arms. This disease was
a)Smallpox
b)Syphilis
c)Tuberculosis
d)Measles
e)Yaws
5. During the progression of HIV/AIDS, which of these is likely to be the first symptom detected
a)Kaposi’s Sarcoma
b)Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
c)Lymphadenopathy
d)Toxoplasmosis
e)Cryptosporidiosis
6. Antibiotics like penicillin, streptomycin, or tetracycline would be most useful in treating
a)Influenza
b)HIV/AIDS
c)The common cold
d)Smallpox
e)Bubonic Plague
7. If you are tested to determine you HIV status, you will probably receive an ELISA test that looks for
a)HIV-specific DNA
b)HIV-specific RNA
c)HIV-specific structural proteins
d)Antibodies against HIV
e)Reverse transcriptase activity
8. The fluid output in the “rice-water diarrhea” of a cholera patient is as high as
a)Several pints in one day
b)Several quarts in one day
c)Several gallons in one day
d)Several dozen gallons in one day
e)Nearly 100 gallons in one day
9. Randy Shilts died of AIDS in
a)1994
b)1984
c)1974
d)1964
e)1954
10. The most likely mode of transmission of typhoid fever from Mary Mallon to the families she infected was
a)Contaminated food
b)Contaminated drinking water
c)Sexual contacts
d)Sneezing or coughing
e)Infected bed linens
11. The molecular target of the newest of the anti-HIV drugs, Fuzeon, is
a)CD4
b)CCR5
c)gp120
d)gp41
e)Reverse transcriptase
12. Which of these is most resistant to sterilization by heat
a)Viruses
b)Prions
c)Spores
d)Bacteria
e)Fungi
13. A common result of cytomegalovirus infection in AIDS patients is
a)Purplish spots
b)White fuzzy patches on the throat, tongue, or lips
c)Pneumonia
d)Blindness
e)Visible, bloody tumors on the skin
14. The test for active and infectious tuberculosis generally uses
a)A tuberculin skin test
b)A sputum sample
c)A Wasserman test
d)A stool sample
e)Culturing the bacteria in the footpad of an armadillo
15. The adjective “prophylactic” means
a)Causative
b)Preventative
c)Sexual
d)Lethal (fatal)
e)Curative
16. Anilingus (sexual stimulation of the anus with the tongue) is also known as
a)Fisting
b)Shooting up
c)Rimming
d)Smoking
e)The Down Low
17. As far as the Tuskegee Study was concerned, during the 1950’s secrecy
a)Was being maintained by a tacit agreement between local physicians, the US Public Health Service, and the national press
b)Was enforced by the CIA and other federal police agencies
c)Was justified by the War Powers Act, even though that act had expired at the end of the war in 1946
d)Was necessary to protect the reputation of the Tuskegee Institute
e)Was not an issue and updates on the study was published openly in scientific journals
18. You contracted a case of influenza and the doctor sent a sample to the health department for typing.It came back as Type A(H5N1). You should be worried because
a)It is the same type as the 1918 pandemic
b)It is the currently circulating avian influenza (“bird flu”)
c)It is the type to which you should have been immunized this year
d)It has never been seen in humans
e)It has greater than 50% mortality
19. The mayor of San Francisco who was the first to deal with the AIDS epidemic in any serious way was
a)Harry Britt
b)William Foege
c)David Sencer
d)Diane Feinstein
e)Ed Koch
20. “Kuru,” the name of the disease, is derived form a native word that means
a)Shaking
b)Women
c)Cannibal
d)Death
e)Sorcery
21. HIV-2 differs from HIV-1 in a number of properties.Among these is the fact that
a)HIV-2 is more common in the US than HIV-1
b)HIV-2 is transmitted by vaginal intercourse more easily than HIV-1
c)HIV-2 originated in birds whereas HIV-1 originated in chimpanzees
d)HIV-2 infections progress more slowly to AIDS than HIV-1 infections
e)HIV-2 infections can be cured by HIV-1 infections cannot
22. Anthrax is caused by
a)Virus
b)Spirochete
c)Prion
d)Miasma
e)Spore-forming bacterium
23. Which cells of the immune system are designed to produce antibodies and secrete them into the bloodstream?
a)B cells
b)T4 cells
c)T8 Cells
d)Dendritic cells
e)Complement fixing cells
24. Doctors in the US are most likely to see a case of Bubonic Plague if they live
a)In New England
b)In the deep South (especially along the Gulf Coast)
c)In the West (e.g. along the border with Mexico)
d)Along the Mississippi River
e)In the upper Midwest, especially Wisconsin and Minnesota
25. In the time before seroconversion, an HIV infected individual is probably
a)Not infectious
b)Less infectious than a seropositive individual who has no symptoms
c)About as infectious as a seropositive individual who has no symptoms
d)More infectious than a seropositive individual who has no symptoms
e)Dead
26. The “central dogma” of modern biology states that information in the genetic code flows from
a)DNA to RNA to protein
b)RNA to DNA to protein
c)DNA to protein to RNA
d)Protein to DNA to RNA
e)Protein and RNA to DNA
27. The man who dreamed up the idea of the AIDS quilt was
a)Phil Burton
b)Cleve Jones
c)Paul Popham
d)Larry Kramer
e)Bill Kraus
28. Which of these is the oldest effective treatment for syphilis?
a)Arsphenamine
b)Gaiacum
c)Quinine
d)Mercury
e)Penecillin
29. The danger of using variolation as a preventative against smallpox was that
a)It provided only a temporary immunity, lasting only five to fifteen years
b)It could cause an outbreak of smallpox, with the variolated person acting as patient zero
c)It was totally ineffective and caused people to abandon quarantine procedures
d)It occasionally caused a disseminated Vaccinia disease that itself could be deadly, especially to people with weakened immune systems (e.g. the old, the young, and those with severe eczema)
e)It could cause an outbreak of cowpox that could decimate local cattle herds
30. Which of these would best be best be considered to be an “antigen presenting” cell
a)T4 helper cell
b)T8 cytoxic cell
c)Dendritic cell
d)Complement fixation
e)HIV itself
31. The “Golden Age of Bacteriology,” when Koch and Pasteur (and their disciples) identified the cause of many bacterial diseases, occurred just before
a)The Napoleonic Wars
b)The American Civil War
c)World War I
d)World War II
e)The Vietnam War
32. The protein whose molecular rearrangement is responsible for drawing the viral membrane of HIV close enough to the cell membrane of a T4 cell to allow fusion of the two membranes to occur is
a)gp120
b)gp41
c)fuzeon
d)protease
e)neuraminidase
33. In most cholera epidemics, the germ that causes the cholera is carried in
a)The drinking water
b)The meat and poultry
c)The air
d)The “bodily fluids” (semen, blood, saliva, and breast milk)
e)The bed linens
34. Why is Grethe Rask mentioned in the book And the Band Played On?
a)She kept track of orders for pentamidine and thus was one of the first to alert officials to the new diseas
b)She died of AIDS
c)She kept lists o early AIDS victims in San Francisco and their sexual contacts
d)She dected a retrovial enzyme (reverse transcriptase) in the lymph nodes of patients with lymphadenopathy in France
e)She was the Secretary of Health and Human Services during the Reagan Administration
35. Salmonella typhican survive in the body because
a)It cannot be ingested by phagocytes
b)It kills phagocytes before they can enclose it in a vessicle
c)It prevents fusion of phagocytic vesicles with lysosomes
d)It is resistant to the digestive juices found in lysosomes
e)It forms spores
36. At the present time, the total number of persons living with HIV/AIDS worldwide is
a)Hundreds of thousands
b)Millions
c)Tens of millions
d)Hundreds of millions
e)Billions
37. With what disease would you associate the names Carlton Gajdusek and Stanley Prusiner?
a)HIV/AIDS
b)Kuru
c)Syphilis
d)Smallpox
e)Typhoid Fever
38. The disease to which chickenpox is most closely connected is
a)Thrush
b)Shingles
c)Smallpox
d)Polio
e)Syphilis
39. The organism that causes tuberculosis is very unusual in that
a)It is a bacterium that responds to antibiotics
b)It has a waxy coat of mycolic acid that is nearly impermeable
c)It is a virus that responds to antibiotics
d)It is spread by coughing and sneezing
e)It is a fungus that can be either a yeast form or a fungal (hyphal) form
40. The time required for seroconversion after infection with HIV is usually
a)Several hours
b)Several days
c)Several weeks
d)Two to five years
e)About ten years on average (though some are faster and some slower)
41. After the discovery that penicillin is 100% effective in curing syphilis
a)The Tuskegee Study stopped and the participants were among the first Americans to be treated with penicillin
b)The Tuskegee Study stopped and the participants were left alone to find treatment (or not) on their own
c)The Tuskegee Study continued with no treatment offered but with dwindling numbers as participants discovered penicillin and sought treatment on their own
d)The Tuskegee Study continued with no treatment offered and with treatment denied to those who sought it
e)The Tuskegee Study became an issue of intense controversy that remained unresolved for ten years
42. In the influenza pandemic of 1918-1919, the number of influenza-related deaths world wide was in the
a)Tens of thousands
b)Hundreds of thousands
c)Millions
d)Tens of millions
e)Hundreds of millions
43. The MMWR publication reporting PCP in gay men in Los Angeles that is generally regarded as the beginning of the AIDS epidemic in the US was released about
a)10 years ago
b)25 years ago
c)50 years ago
d)85 years ago
e)120 years ago
44. The disease that is most like “Mad Cow Disease” is
a)Cowpox
b)Smallpox
c)Anthrax
d)Scrapie
e)Scabies
45. The symptoms of the first stage of HIV disease, occurring immediately after infection, most resemble the symptoms of
a)Cancer, especially sarcoma
b)Pneumonia
c)Dementia
d)Influenza
e)Tuberculosis
46. A spore is a form of a bacterium that is
a)Pathogenic
b)Resistant to heat and dessication
c)Toxic
d)Too large to enter the lungs without clogging them
e)Older than the bacteria seen on earth at present
47. A particular class of antigen presenting cells called “dendritic cells” are especially nasty in terms of HIV infection because
a)They convert HIV from an inactive form that cannot infect to an active form that can
b)They convert HIV from M-tropic to T-tropic, the form that infects T4 helper cells
c)They bring intact HIV to the lymph nodes
d)They provide protease to cleave the HIV polyproteins from their inactive form to their active form
e)They provide CCR5 which is the necessary “second factor” in HIV infection.
48. The germ that many argue was carried from the Central America to Europe in the late 1400s was
a)Vaccinia virus
b)Variola major virus
c)Treponema pallidum
d)Mycobacterium tuberculosis
e)Influenza virus
49. The most common symptom of an infection by Pneumocystis carinii is
a)Kaposi’s sarcoma
b)Pneumonia
c)Lymphadenopathy
d)Destruction of a class of T cells
e)Night sweats
50. Bubonic Plague differs from Pneumonic Plague in that
a)Pneumonic Plague (the “Plague of Justinian”) died out in Europe in about the year 750 and was replaced by the more virulent Bubonic Plague in 1347
b)Bubonic Plague is transmitted by rats but Pneumonic Plague is transmitted by fleas
c)Bubonic Plague is caused by a bacterium but Pneumonic Plague is caused by a virus
d)Bubonic Plague is transmitted by the bite of a flea but Pneumonic Plague is transmitted by coughing and sneezing
e)Pneumonic plague is more survivable than Bubonic Plague
51. With respect to AIDS, the term “viral load” refers to
a)The number of other viruses (e.g. hepatitis, herpes, etc.) that a patient has been infected with
b)The continuous and debilitating effect of HIV on the immune system
c)The number of different strains of HIV a person has been infected with
d)The increase in blood pressure that results from the heart trying to pump the HIV particles through the narrow capillaries
e)The total number of free HIV particles circulating in the blood
52. “Mad Cow Disease” is caused by a
a)Virus
b)Spirochete
c)Prion
d)Miasma
e)Spore-forming bacterium
53. Ayre Rubenstein, at the Albert Einstein Medical School hospital in the Bronx, NY was not believed for a long time when he claimed that
a)AIDS can be spread by blood transfusion
b)AIDS is caused by a virus
c)AIDS can be present in babies
d)AIDS can be spread by injection drug use
e)AIDS can be spread by vaginal intercourse
54. The trigger that causes the blood component known as “complement” to become active and kill invading organisms is
a)Cardiolipin
b)An activator secreted by macrophages that bind to a complementary T4 helper cell
c)An activator secreted by activated T4 helper cells
d)A B-cell that is secreting antibodies
e)An complex of an antigen bound to its specific antibody
55. The last known case of smallpox other than laboratory infections occurred in
a)1588
b)1797
c)1887
d)1977
e)2003
56. When would the concentration of HIV particles in the bloodstream of an HIV infected person be lowest?
a)During the window period after infection before a person tests positive for HIV antibodies
b)During the latent phase when there are no symptoms of AIDS
c)During the time when the person develops ARD (AIDS related complex)
d)During the time when the person is suffering from “full blown AIDS”
e)After the time when the virus changes from M-tropic to T-tropic
57. The earth was cool enough for life to emerge (i.e. for liquid water to accumulate)
a)Several hundred thousand years ago
b)Several million years ago
c)Several billion years ago
d)Several trillion years ago
e)More than 10 trillion years ago
58. The highest concentration of CD4 cells is likely to be found
a)In the blood
b)In muscle tissue
c)In the large intestine
d)In mucous membranes
e)In lymph nodes
59. The standard treatment for cholera always includes
a)Antibacterial antibiotics
b)Antiviral drugs
c)Fluid replacement
d)Fever reducing drugs
e) It is allowed to run its course
60. When Selma Dritz, working for the health department in San Francisco, used the term “Patient Zero”, she meant
a)A person who had no sexual contacts at all with a person who later came down with AIDS
b)A person who never became infected with HIV despite many sexual contacts with persons who had AIDS
c)The first person to bring AIDS to the United States
d)The person in a cluster study with whom a large number of patients had direct or near-direct contact
e)A person who never progressed to “full blown AIDS” despite having been infected for 2 or more years.
61. “Typhoid Mary’s” long-term quarantine took place
a)In a New York City prison
b)In a New York City hospital
c)On a New York City island
d)On a hospital ship in New York harbor
e)On Long Island, New York
62. A person who is genetically unable to make the CD4 protein on the surface of his or her cells
a)Has progressed to full blown AIDS
b)Cannot raise an immune response and thus has a hereditary immune deficiency with symptoms that resemble those of AIDS
c)Is much more sensitive to HIV infection than a person who can express CCR5
d)Suffers from hemophilia
e)Is more likely to be descended from Europeans than from Africans
63. The fact that about one in a million Americans develops Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease suggests that
a)Americans have the same frequency of spontaneous CJD as all other populations in the world
b)Mad Cow Disease is already present in the United States
c)Something that is rare in the diet of Americans causes CJD
d)The efficiency of a single meal of Mad-Cow-Disease-contaminated meat causing CJD in humans is about 1 in 1,000 (assuming that Americans eat beef about 3 times per week)
e)Modern medicine greatly underestimates the amount of Mad Cow Disease in the human population in the United States.
64. Thrush is one of the earliest clinical manifestations of AIDS.What is thrush?
a)A fungal infection
b)A cancer
c)A pneumonia
d)A dementia
e)An infection that causes “night sweats”
65. The bacterial disease that kills the most people per year (worldwide) is
a)HIV
b)Typhoid fever
c)Influenza
d)Tuberculosis
e)Cholera
66. If a nurse jabs herself with a needle that was used on an HIV infected person, the probability that she will become HIV positive from that event is
a)Nearly 100%
b)About 50%
c)Between 0.1% and 1%
d)About 0.003%
e)About 1 in a million
67. Who was Eunice Rivers?
a)A CDC worker who collected information about the earliest victims of HIV/AIDS
b)An employee of the San Francisco grief counseling group known as the Shanti Project
c)A nurse who was the liason person between the federal and local level in the Tuskegee Study
d)An employer of Mary Mallon
e)A woman who contracted CJD as a result of eye surgery
68. The most common mode of transmission for influenza is
a)Contaminated food
b)Contaminated drinking water
c)Contact with wild or domestic birds
d)Coughing and sneezing
e)Sexual intercourse
69. Which of these would best be called elected politicians
a)Robert Gallo, Luc Montagnier, and Michael Gottlieb
b)Frances Borscheldt, Gaetan Dugas, and Bill Kraus
c)Harvey Milk, George Moscone, and Phil Burton
d)Selma Dritz, Mervyn Silverman, and David Sencer
e)Donna Mildvan, Mathilde Krim, and Ayre Rubenstein
70. A prion is
a)A kind of DNA
b)A kind of RNA
c)A kind of protein
d)A kind of membrane
e)A kind of cell
71. How many Americans were newly infected with HIV during the past 12 months?
a)Hundreds
b)Thousands
c)Tens of thousands
d)Hundreds of thousands
e)Millions
72. A toxin is a
a)Poison
b)Bacterium
c)Virus
d)Spore
e)Disease
73. The three major genes of HIV make about three times that many proteins.For example, one of the genes pol, codes for three different proteins. This happens because
a)Reverse transcriptase transcribes the pol gene into three separate pieces, each of which codes for a different protein
b)Protease cuts a large, inactive protein (encoded by the pol gene) into three smaller pieces, each of which is an active protein
c)The pol gene can be read in the forward direction, the reverse direction, or both directions
d)Integrase integrates three different genes into the pol gene and each of these codes for a different protein
e)The HIV genes interact, thus pol codes for ont protein, pol+env makes a second protein, and pol+gag makes a third protein
74. “The Black Death” was an outbreak of Bubonic Plague that affected Europe in the
a)1300s
b)1400s
c)1500s
d)1600s
e)1700s
75. The disease whose time course of progression most resembles that of syphilis is
a)Anthrax
b)Bubonic Plague
c)Cholera
d)Influenza
e)HIV/AIDS
76. “Spongiform encephalopathy” leading to neurological symptoms is one of the signs of which disease
a)HIV/AIDS
b)Mad Cow Disease
c)Syphilis
d)Tuberculosis
e)Anthrax
77. In the days before the antibody test for HIV became available, partially useful “surrogate test” was available that looked for antibodies against
a)Hepatitis B virus
b)Herpes virus
c)Human papilloma virus
d)Kaposi’s sarcoma virus
e)Pneumocystis carinii
78. Don Francis was actively involved in the eradication of the only human disease that has ever been made extinct by conscious design.This disease is
a)Smallpox
b)HIV-2 disease
c)Polio
d)Measles
e)Bubonic Plague
79. The largest number of persons living with HIV/AIDS is found on which continent
a)Africa
b)Asia
c)Europe
d)North America
e)South America
80. The white material we call “pus” is made up of
a)Lymph that has lost some of its water
b)Skin oils that have become solidified
c)White blood cells and dead bacteria
d)Calcium deposits designed to “wall off” the site of an infection
e)Skin bacteria that fight off the infection by pathogens
81. In Michigan, if you are tested confidentially, and found to be HIV positive, your name will be reported to
a)The county health department but no other agency
b)The state health department but no other agency
c)The CDC, but no agency within the state of Michigan
d)The CDE and the state health department
e)The press, if a freedom of information act request is filed
82. The scientific proponent of the miasma theory who drank a pure culture of Vibrio cholerae to prove that it did not cause cholera was
a)John Snow
b)Robert Koch
c)Johannes Pettenkofer
d)Louis Pasteur
e)Alexandre Yersin
83. In the US, the first four groups where AIDS was a risk factor were called “the 4H’s.” Which of these was NOT one of the original four?
a)Homosexuals
b)Healthcare workers
c)Hemophiliacs
d)Heroin users
e)Haitians
84. The role of epidemic germs in the defeat of the Incan empire by Pizzaro was
a)Decisive because the epidemic decimated the Incan civilization before Pizzaro arrived
b)Decisive because the epidemic arrived along with the armed forces under Pizzaro
c)Important because the epidemic’s arrival, ten years after the defeat, precluded a re-emergence of Incan military power
d)Irrelevant because the Incas had an innate immunity to European viruses that we are only now beginning to understand (an immunity that the Aztecs did not share)
e)A lie spread by Pizzaro’s enemies to downplay his role in the defeat
85. The probability of transmitting HIV during sexual intercourse is reduced if a latex condom is used.The use of a condom reduces the risk
a)About 2-10 fold
b)About 100 fold
c)To about 1 in 400,000
d)To about 1 in 1,500,000
e)By an unknown amount
86. The first person to document a healthy carrier of Typhoid Fever in the United States was
a)John Snow
b)George Soper
c)Hermann Briggs
d)Macfarlane Burnet
e)Robert Koch
87. A person who is genetically unable to make the CCR5 protein on the surface of his or her cells
a)Has progressed to full blown AIDS
b)Cannot raise an immune response and thus has a hereditary immune deficiency with symptoms that resemble those of AIDS
c)Is much more sensitive to HIV infection than a person who can express CCR5
d)I much more resistant to HIV infection than a person who can express CCR5
e)Is dead because CCR5 is required for survival
88. Kuru occurred at high frequency in one islolated population and nowhere else. Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease occurred at low but constant frequency in all known populations. As a result, epidemiologists would say that
a)Both Kuru and CJD are excellent models for studying the mode of transmission
b)Neither Kuru nor CJD is a good model for studying the mode of transmission
c)CJD is a better model to study the mode of transmission
d)Kuru is a better model to study the mode of transmission
e)Neither Kuru nor CJD is actually transmissible
89. During the asymptomatic stage of HIV disease
a)The production of new T4 helper cells outstrips their destruction
b)The production of new T4 helper cells balances their destruction
c)The destruction of new T4 helper cells outstrips their production
d)The production of virus outstrips the clearance of the virus from the blood
e)The production of new virus is very low
90. The most widely used vaccine against tuberculosis is
a)BCG
b)HIV
c)ATV
d)HARC
e)TAMIFLU
91. Which of these “bodily fluids” was responsible for the greatest number of HIV transmissions in the US during 2005?
a)Blood
b)Semen
c)Vaginal secretions
d)Breast milk
e)Urine
92. In an average year, the number of Americans who die of influenza is in the
a)Tens of thousands
b)Hundreds of thousands
c)Millions
d)Tens of millions
e)Hundreds of millions
93. Many bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases are transmitted efficiently by a fecal-oral route.All of the following can result in fecal-oral transmission. Which is the most direct example and the most guaranteed to provide a fecal-oral route for transmission?
a)Food preparation
b)Fisting
c)Hand washing
d)Rimming
e)Anal intercourse
94. The term “outercourse” was coined by
a)Randy Shilts
b)Larry Kramer
c)Selma Dritz
d)Sylvia Hacker
e)Margaret Heckler
95. Which of these is the least contagious in a family setting
a)Cholera
b)Tuberculosis
c)Influenza
d)Bubonic Plague
e)Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
96. The phrase “The Columbian Exchange” refers to events that occurred near the year
a)500 B.C.
b)500 A.D.
c)1000 A.D.
d)1500 A.D.
e)2000 A.D.
97. Which of these is caused by a virus
a)Kaposi’s sarcoma
b)Pneumocystis pneumonia
c)Toxoplasmosis
d)Syphilis
e)Bubonic Plague
98. The British experiment on Gruinard Island during World War II proved that
a)Anthrax could kill humans efficiently
b)Anthrax could survive in soil for decades
c)Anthrax could be effectively treated with ciprofloxacin (Cipro)
d)The survival of humans who contracted inhalation anthrax was about 60%
e)In order to “weaponize” anthrax, you have to make the spores less sticky
99. Which of these is most likely to result in transmission of HIV from an infected man to an uninfected woman?
a)Anal intercourse
b)Vaginal intercourse
c)Anal fisting
d)Vaginal fisting
e)Oral sex with the woman as the receptive partner
100. Which of these was the most recent to reach Europe?
a)Bubonic plague
b)Tuberculosis
c)Syphilis
d)Cholera
e)Smallpox
101. The statistics for HIV transmission due to “men having sex with men” are somewhat different than those for “homosexual men.” This is because men who do not identify as “gay” have unprotected sex with other men. This practice has come to be known as
a)Fisting
b)Shooting up
c)Rimming
d)Smoking
e)The Down Low
102. Richard Rhodes feared that Mad Cow Disease might claim tens of thousands of lives and Randy Shilts feared that AIDS might claim tens of thousands of lives.In fact,
a)Rhodes overestimated the death toll and Shilts underestimated it
b)Rhodes underestimated the death toll and Shilts overestimated it
c)They both overestimated the death toll
d)They both underestimated the death toll
e)They were both close to correct in their estimates
103. Early on, there was considerable dispute about whether the HIV isolates generated by Levy, Gallo, and Montagnier were really independent.In the end,
a)There were, in fact, three different HIV isolates
b)There were, in fact, only two isolates because Gallo’s and Montangnier’s were the same
c)There were, in fact, only two isolates because Gallo’s and Levy’s were the same
d)There were, in fact, only two isolates because Montagnier’s and Levy’s were the same
e)There was, in fact, only one isolate. All three were really the same isolate