2003 Final Exam

1. Which of these cannot maintain a lifelong infection in the human body?
(a) HIV
(b) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(c) Salmonella typhi
(d) Vibrio cholerae
(e) Treponema pallidum

2. The greatest number of deaths ever in a single year was caused by
(a) HIV/AIDS
(b) Bubonic plague
(c) Smallpox
(d) Tuberculosis
(e) Influenza

3. The Bacille Calmette-Guerin (Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin, or BCG) is
(a) The causative agent of most cases of Tuberculosis
(b) The bacterium injected into the skin when doing a tuberculin skin test
(c) A widely used anti-Tuberculosis vaccine
(d) The most virulent strain of the Tuberculosis agent ever identified
(e) The strain of Tuberculosis most identified with AIDS deaths in Africa

4. Why is Grethe Rask in the book And the Band Played On?
(a) She kept track of orders for pentamidine (used to treat Pneumocystis carnii pneumonia)
(b) She kept lists of early AIDS victims in San Francisco and their sexual contacts
(c) She detected a retroviral enzyme (reverse transcriptase) in the blood from AIDS patients
(d) She headed the Presidential Commission on AIDS during the Nixon Administration
(e) She died of AIDS

5. What was Ed Koch’s job in the the years covered by And the Band Played On?
(a) Chancellor of The University of California at San Francisco
(b) Mayor of New York
(c) Secretary of Health and Human Services
(d) Director of the Centers for Disease and Control
(e) Governor of California

6. Bubonic Plague is named after buboes. What are buboes?
(a) A set of symptoms first described by Pierre Comte du Boubonne, known as Boubonne’s Criteria which became Anglicized to “Buboe’s criteria”
(b) Disfiguring pustules that form on the body, especially the face and trunk, and leave scars for life on the survivors of the infection
(c) The chants of Italian gravediggers “Bubbonni mortandi” or “Bring out your dead”
(d) Black-appearing swellings of lymph nodes
(e) A nickname for quack (fake) physicians

7. Influenza viruses can change slowly over time from a form that is easily recognized by our immune system to one that is less well recognized, and eventually into a form that is very poorly recognized by our immune system. This sort of slow change us usually called
(a) Antigenic drift
(b) Antigenic shift
(c) Antigenic variation
(d) Pandemic
(e) Mutation that resists error correction

8. Which of these proteins is found on the outside of an HIV particle
(a) Reverse transcriptase
(b) Protease
(c) CCR5
(d) CD4
(e) gp120

9. Early in the American AIDS epidemic, four risk groups were identified: homosexuals, injection drug users, hemophiliacs, and people from one Caribbean nation. That nation was
(a) Haiti
(b) Honduras
(c) Cuba
(d) Mexico
(e) Nicaragua

10. Scrapie is a disease of
(a) Sheep
(b) Humans
(c) Beef cattle
(d) Minks kept in crowded cages
(e) Chimpanzees

11. The elastic material of a muscle fiber, a pump for passing materials through a cell wall, a hormone that carries messages throughout the body, and an antibody that locks onto invading cells: all of these are most likely made of
(a) DNA
(b) RNA
(c) Protein
(d) Carbohydrate
(e) Lipid

12. Persons who have been repeated exposed to HIV but remain uninfected often lack a functional chemokine receptor on the surface of their T cells called
(a) CCR5
(b) CD4
(c) MHC (“self”)
(d) gp120
(e) Fuzeon

13. Which of these classes of drugs is not yet available for use in HIV infected people
(a) Inhibitors of reverse transcriptase
(b) Inhibitors of protease
(c) Inhibitors of the gp41 fusion protein
(d) Inhibitors of integrase

14. Which of these diseases is caused by a virus?
(a) Syphilis
(b) Smallpox
(c) Cholera
(d) Kuru
(e) Tuberculosis

15. Which of these diseases is generally carried to humans by insect bites?
(a) Anthrax
(b) Smallpox
(c) Bubonic plague
(d) HIV/AIDS
(e) SARS

16. Who was Selma Dritz?
(a) A Danish physician who worked in Africa and became one of the first Europeans to die of AIDS
(b) A co-worker of Robert Gallo and the one who actually developed the procedure for growing retroviruses in culture
(c) A public health worker for the city of San Francisco
(d) A technician at the CDC who noticed an excessive number of unexplained orders for pentamidine (used to treat pneumocystis pneumonia)
(e) The woman who became mayor of San Francisco when George Moscone was assassinated

17. Cleve Jones is an AIDS activist who lives in
(a) New York City
(b) San Francisco
(c) Los Angeles
(d) Miami
(e) Chicago

18. As far as the Tuskegee Study was concerned, during the 1950’s, secrecy
(a) Was justified by the War Powers Act, even though that act had expired at the end of the War in 1946
(b) Was enforced by the CIA and other federal police agencies
(c) Was necessary to protect the reputation of the Tuskegee Institute
(d) Was being maintained by a tacit agreement between local physicians, the US Public Health Service, and the national press
(e) Was not an issue and the study was published openly in the scientific journals

19. The number of people in the world who are currently infected with tuberculosis is in the
(a) Thousands
(b) Tens of thousands
(c) Hundreds of thousands
(d) Millions
(e) Billions

20. The cell type that is required for virtually every part of the immune response is
(a) CD4 positive T cell
(b) CD8 positive T cell
(c) B cell
(d) Phagocyte
(e) Dendritic cell

21. The abbreviation that was used for the AIDS associated pneumonia that came to be called “gay pneumonia” is
(a) PCP
(b) KS
(c) Crypto
(d) ARC
(e) CMV

22. The disease that is almost entirely restricted to sheep is
(a) Hoof and mouth disease
(b) Kuru
(c) Penumocystis carinii pneumonia
(d) Scrapie
(e) BSE

23. AIDS is caused by
(a) A bacterium
(b) A virus
(c) A prion
(d) An inherited disorder
(e) A manufactured toxin

24. During the asymptomatic stage of HIV disease
(a) The production of new T4 (CD4+) cells outstrips their destruction
(b) The production of new T4 cells balances their destruction
(c) The destruction of T4 outstrips the production of new ones
(d) The production of virus outstrips the clearance of the virus from the blood
(e) The production of virus is very low

25. Which of these diseases is both incurable and 100% fatal
(a) Anthrax
(b) Smallpox
(c) Bubonic plague
(d) Syphilis
(e) vCJD

26. The “Social Hygiene” movement of the 1920’s and 1930’s was most concerned with the eradication of
(a) Smallpox
(b) Syphilis
(c) Influenza
(d) Cholera
(e) Typhoid fever

27. The agenda of the Alice B. Toklas Club was concerned primarily with
(a) Women’s rights
(b) Homosexual’s rights
(c) Elimination of syphilis
(d) Anti-Irish propaganda and prejudice
(e) Electing Republicans to local and national office

28. Which of these is the correct order for decreasing population size?
(a) epidemic-outbreak-pandemic
(b) epidemic-pandemic-outbreak
(c) pandemic-epidemic-outbreak
(d) outbreak-epidemic-pandemic
(e) outbreak-pandemic-epidemic

29. Which of these diseases are most similar in their mode of transmission?
(a) Cholera and Tuberculosis
(b) Tuberculosis and Influenza
(c) Influenza and Smallpox
(d) Smallpox and Syphilis
(e) Syphilis and Cholera

30. The largest number of people infected with HIV live on which continent?
(a) Africa
(b) Asia
(c) Australia
(d) Europe
(e) North America

31. Which of these “bodily fluids” is the safest in terms of transmission of HIV?
(a) Blood
(b) Breast milk
(c) Saliva
(d) Semen
(e) Vaginal secretions

32. The use of purified human growth hormone (hGH) to treat children led to deaths from Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). This happened because
(a) a side effect of hGH is that it weakens the immune system
(b) hGH was made from brain tissues pooled from thousands of humans, some of whom had CJD
(c) hGH increases the rate at which the agent that causes CJD reproduces itself
(d) hGH was grown in cells exctacted from sheep, some of which were later found to be infected with scrapie
(e) there was a failure in the sterilization treatment in at least two different batches

33. HIV-1, the virus that causes most American AIDS, is most closely related to
(a) HIV-2
(b) An SIV found in a particular species of chimpanzee
(c) A virus that contaminated an early batch of polio vaccine
(d) Influenza virus
(e) Hepatitis C virus

34. “Thrush” is one of the earliest clinical manifestations of AIDS. What is thrush?
(a) A fungal infection of the mouth and throat
(b) A cancer that shows itself as purple patches on the skin
(c) A profound weight loss coupled with “night sweats”
(d) A dementia that resembles Alzheimer’s disease
(e) An unusual pneumonia caused by a protozoan parasite

35. At the present time, about 50% of the cases of syphilis in the US occur in 31 counties. Most of these counties are located
(a) In and around the industrialized Northern and Midwestern cities
(b) In states with high populations of immigrants from Africa and Asia
(c) In and around the port cities of the East, West, and Gulf coasts
(d) In California and other states that border Mexico
(e) In the rural south

36. Which of the continents was the last to be populated by human beings?
(a) Africa
(b) Asia
(c) Australia
(d) Europe
(e) North America

37. Arye Rubinstein, at the Albert Einstein Medical School hospital in the Bronx, NY was not believed for a long time when he claimed that
(a) AIDS can be spread by blood transfusion
(b) AIDS is caused by a virus
(c) Babies can get AIDS
(d) AIDS is spread by sexual intercourse, especially anal intercourse
(e) He was not a homosexual

38. Who was the first man to see the bacterium that causes cholera?
(a) Robert Koch
(b) Louis Pasteur
(c) John Snow
(d) Alexandre Yersin
(e) Johannes Petenkofer

39. Complement Fixation is the key element in the
(a) ELISA test
(b) Wassermann Test
(c) Western Blot Test
(d) Antibiotic resistance test
(e) RT-PCR test for Viral Load

40. Which type of organism has been on earth the longest?
(a) Plants
(b) Animals
(c) Bacteria
(d) Fungi
(e) Protozoa

41. As of April 2003, the number of documented cases of HIV transmission by “casual contact” in North America and Western Europe combined was
(a) Between 1,000 and 2,000
(b) Between 150 and 300
(c) Between 40 and 60
(d) Between 1 and 3
(e) Zero

42. Shingles is caused by the reappearance of an active form of a virus that originally caused
(a) Thrush
(b) Cold sores
(c) Infectious mononucleosis
(d) KS
(e) Chickenpox

43. The main mode of transmission of Kuru was
(a) Breathing of aerosolized droplets
(b) Fecal-oral contamination
(c) Anal intercourse
(d) Injection Drug use
(e) Cannibalism

44. In the time between HIV infection and seroconversion (Positive ELISA test), an HIV infected person is
(a) Infectious and much more infectious than a seropositive person with no symptoms
(b) Infectious but much less infectious than a seropositive person with no symptoms
(c) Infectious but much less infectious than a person with full blown AIDS
(d) Non-infectious because there are no viral particles in his blood
(e) Non-infectious even though there are many viral particles in his blood.

45. To an immunologist, the term “clonal expansion” refers to
(a) The conversion of a relatively small phagocyte into a much larger macrophage
(b) The doubling of all the immune-response cells that must happen when a developing embryo splits and identical twins are generatedZ
(c) The generation of a large population of cells that produce exactly the same antibody
(d) The cutting of a large gene into little pieces and their reassembly into an absolutely unique new gene that codes for a specific antibody
(e) The stimulation of macrophage division in response to chemical signals secreted by T-helper cells

46. Syphilis is caused by a
(a) Bacterium
(b) Virus
(c) Protozoan
(d) Fungus
(e) Worm

47. The notion that you will catch a cold if you go outside in winter weather without warm clothing (or with a wet head) is most consistent with a belief in
(a) The germ theory of disease
(b) Miasmas as the cause of disease
(c) Viruses too small to be seen
(d) Perigradular fraglitation
(e) Autoimmune diseases

48. AIDS is a reportable disease. That means that
(a) newspapers are permitted to publish not only its outbreak, but also the names of carriers
(b) those diagnosed with Typhoid Fever must report at regular intervals to health officials for testing
(c) physicians are required to report all cases to local public health authorities
(d) public health officials are required to inform the public of any outbreaks in the region
(e) medical journals still accept articles on Typhoid Fever for publication

49. The beginning of the AIDS epidemin in the US is generally defined by the publication of a paper by Michael Gottlieb and Joel Weisman in MMWR. That paper was published in
(a) 1952
(b) 1976
(c) 1981
(d) 1985
(e) 1990

50. The germ that causes typhoid fever can evade the immune system and as a result, lead to a person’s becoming a healthy carrier because
(a) Some people are genetically unable to make the antibody that recognizes it
(b) It lodges in tissues that are not supplied with blood or lymph
(c) It hides inside cells in special vesicles
(d) It is a “slow virus”
(e) It can cross the blood-brain barrier

51. Bubonic Plague will be almost impossible to eradicate because it is endemic in
(a) The population of the Indian subcontinent
(b) A variety of wild rodent populations, including several in the US
(c) A variety of mammals, but especially ducks and pigs
(d) Domestic animals (cattle) and mosquitoes
(e) Sub-Saharan Africa

52. Which of these is responsible for copying the single-stranded RNA of the HIV genetic material into the double stranded DNA that later becomes part of the cellular genetic material?
(a) Reverse transcriptase
(b) Protease
(c) gp120
(d) p24
(e) Integrase

53. Cytomegalovirus infections of AIDS patients are particularly debilitating and often result in the loss of
(a) Sight
(b) Smell
(c) Touch
(d) Hearing
(e) Ability to feel pain

54. Which of these diseases presents itself exclusively with neurological symptoms
(a) Syphilis
(b) Smallpox
(c) Anthrax
(d) HIV/AIDS
(e) Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

55. How many new infections with HIV are there in the US every year?
(a) Thousands
(b) Tens of thousands
(c) Hundreds of thousands
(d) Millions
(e) Tens of millions

56. Which of these is not a viral disease
(a) Smallpox
(b) Influenza
(c) Anthrax
(d) Herpes
(e) Hepatitis

57. The “Three drug cocktail” used by people like Magic Johnson, is
(a) A probable cure for AIDS
(b) The source of about a quarter of the new HIV infections in the US
(c) A temporarily effective treatment that can delay the onset of AIDS for about two-thirds of people infected with the American strain of HIV
(d) A pseudoscience “remedy” that has no real effect on HIV disease

58. What do lysosomes do?
(a) Allow bacteria to attach to the intestinal lining
(b) Allow larger bacteria to engulf smaller viruses
(c) Present antigens to T-helper cells
(d) Produce enzymes that digest bacteria inside of vacuoles
(e) Secrete antibodies

59. In the early days of the AIDS epidemic, AIDS was known as GRID. What did GRID stand for?
(a) Generalized Reduction of Immunity Disorder
(b) Gay Related Immune Deficiency
(c) Greatly Reduced Immunity Disease
(d) Growth of Rare Infections Disorder
(e) Gradual Retrograde Immune Degeneration

60. There are three fundamentally different types of life on earth.
(a) These are the plants, the animals, and the microbes
(b) These are the pathogenic bacteria, the non-pathogenic bacteria, and a group that includes both plants and animals
(c) These are the animals, the plants and bacteria, and the phagocytes
(d) The most ancient evolutionary separation between these groups is represented by the plants and animals, with the archaebacteria and eubacteria begin more recently diverged.
(e) Two of the goups include only single celled organisms and the third includes both single-celled organisms and large multicellular organisms

61. The most lethal pandemic of Influenza ever occurred at the end of which war?
(a) American Civil War
(b) Spanish American War
(c) World War I
(d) World War II
(e) Vietnam War

62. The total number of persons worldwide who are currently living with HIV/AIDS is about
(a) 400 thousand
(b) 4 million
(c) 40 million
(d) 400 million
(e) 4 billion

63. The most common source of new HIV infections in the US is currently
(a) Men having sex with women
(b) Men having sex with men
(c) Women having sex with women
(d) Injection drug use
(e) Contaminated blood products

64. Why doesn’t your immune system protect you from variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease?
(a) Because the germ for vCJD can hide in the vacuoles of phagocytes
(b) Because the slow virus that causes vCJD kills one class of T-lymphoctes that are needed for an effective immune response
(c) Because vCJD kills faster than the 10-14 days needed to mount an effective immune response
(d) Because the PrP that forms the amyloid plaques is one of your own proteins and is not recognized at foreign
(e) Because the PrP mutates so rapidly that the immune system cannot keep up with all the changes

65. HIV-1, the common strain in the US originated in Africa. HIV-2 (almost unknown in the US) originated in
(a) Africa
(b) Asia
(c) Australia
(d) Europe
(e) North America

66. In most HIV infected adults, the asymptomatic stage usually lasts for
(a) Days
(b) Weeks
(c) Years
(d) Decades
(e) Indefinitely (most HIV infected adults never shows symptoms)

67. The “Plague of Justinian” that struck the Roman Empire in the mid 500’s is often considered as the event that ushered in “the Dark Ages.” This plague was most likely an epidemic of
(a) Smallpox
(b) Measles
(c) Influenza
(d) An early form of cholera
(e) Bubonic Plague

68. The country whose response to SARS could best be compared to the slow response of the Reagan administration to AIDS is
(a) The USA
(b) Canada
(c) China
(d) Singapore
(e) Viet Nam

69. Which of these would be the most effective in treating syphilis?
(a) Quinine
(b) Mercury
(c) Salvarsan
(d) Neosalvarsan
(e) Penicillin

70. As an infant continues developing after birth, his or her genes that code for antibodies undergo significant rearrangements involving cutting out of chunks of DNA, thus “shuffling the deck” of possible antibody specificities. Such a process is generally referred to as the generation of
(a) Antibody diversity
(b) Major histocompatibility
(c) Humoral immunity
(d) Clonal expansion
(e) Antigen presentation

71. When BSE (“Mad Cow Disease”) is transmitted to humans, the resulting disease is generally referred to as
(a) Variant BSE
(b) Variant kuru
(c) Variant Creutzfeld-Jacob disease
(d) Variant scrapie
(e) Louping-ill

72. A B-cell will be stimulated to divide rapidly and clonally if
(a) It interacts with an antigen that it recognizes
(b) It interacts with an antigen-presenting dendritic cell that recognizes the same antigen as the B-cell
(c) It interacts with an antigen-presenting macrophage that recognizes the same antigen as the B-cell
(d) It presents an antigen to a T-helper cell that recognizes the same antigen as the B-cell
(e) It presents an antigen to a dendritic cell that recognizes the same antigen as the B-cell

73. HIV-2 differs from HIV-1 in a number of properties. Among these is the fact that
(a) HIV-2 is more common in homosexual men in the US whereas HIV-1 is more common in injection drug users
(b) HIV-2 is transmitted by heterosexual vaginal intercourse more easily than HIV-1
(c) HIV-2 appears to have originated in birds whereas HIV-1 appears to have originated in chimpanzees
(d) Persons infected with HIV-2 progress to AIDS more slowly than persons infected by HIV-1
(e) HIV-2 infections can be cured but HIV-1 infections cannot

74. The linkage of Mary Mallon to the deaths caused by typhoid fever may be circumstantial, but we are certain that she was indeed a healthy carrier of typhoid fever because
(a) George Soper tracked her movements from outbreak to outbreak
(b) She had a serious case of Typhoid fever just before the first outbreak at Oyster Bay, NY
(c) Her symptoms, described by the physicians of the time, matched exactly those of a carrier
(d) Her feces contained the typhoid germ
(e) She had a positive Wasserman test

75. According to Randy Shilts’ book, which of these groups isolated the virus that came to be known as HIV first?
(a) The French
(b) The Americans
(c) The Belgians
(d) The Danish
(e) The Japanese

76. Which of these has the highest mortality if not treated by modern medical methods?
(a) Bubonic plague
(b) Pneumonic plague
(c) Smallpox
(d) Influenza
(e) Cholera

77. If a nurse is jabbed with a needle that had been used on an HIV-infected person, the probability that he or she will become HIV positive from that event is
(a) About 1 in 1.5 million
(b) About 1 in 600 thousand
(c) About 1 in 300
(d) About 1 in 10
(e) Zero. HIV has never been documented to be transmitted in that way.

78. Free and anonymous testing for HIV is provided to any resident of Washtenaw county by
(a) CDC
(b) NIH
(c) HAART
(d) HARC
(e) GMHC

79. The largest outbreak of “Mad Cow disease” occurred in
(a) The USA
(b) Australia
(c) England
(d) France
(e) Africa

80. HIV can successfully infect a cell if that cell has
(a) Both CD4 and MHC (“self”)
(b) Both CD4 and CCR5
(c) Both CCR5 and CXCR4
(d) Both MHC (“self”) and CCR5
(e) Both CD4 and gp120

81. Violetta, the tragic heroine of La Traviata, dies of what disease?
(a) Typhoid fever
(b) Cholera
(c) Influenza
(d) Syphilis
(e) Tuberculosis

82. A normal, healthy human being
(a) Carries no bacteria at all (is sterile from a bacteriological point of view)
(b) Carries some bacteria, but only non-pathogenic ones
(c) Carries some bacteria, bot only pathogenic ones
(d) Carries a mix of pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria and would be sicker of they were all removed
(e) Carries a mix of pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria and would be even healthier if they were all removed

83. How many Americans die of influenza in a typical (non-epidemic) year?
(a) Hundreds
(b) Thousands
(c) Tens of thousands
(d) Hundreds of thousands
(e) Millions

84. Stanley Prusiner and Carleton Gajdusek are people most connected with which disease?
(a) HIV/AIDS
(b) Syphilis
(c) Mad Cow Disease
(d) Anthrax
(e) Cholera

85. If all new infections with HIV were to stop magically today, the number of AIDS worldwide deaths per year
(a) Would drop by about 300-400 thousand per year for about 10-20 years and then there would be virtually no AIDS
(b) Would stay the same for the next 8-12 years and then would decline over a 10-20 year period
(c) Would increase from the current level of about 3 million to about 5 million per year during the next decade and then begin to level off and decline
(d) Would drop to zero within 2-3 years
(e) Would double every year for the next 8-12 years and then begin to level off

86. The disease most associated with violent diarrhea is
(a) Cholera
(b) Influenza
(c) Thrush
(d) Smallpox
(e) Anthrax

87. Some bacteria can form structures that allow them to survive harsh environmental conditions for decades and then to resume growth when conditions are more favorable. There structures are called
(a) Phages
(b) Viruses
(c) Spores
(d) Vacuoles
(e) Lysosomes

88. A person with a very high viral load of HIV
(a) Generally has no antibodies against HIV when he is healthy and has such antibodies when his is very sick
(b) Generally has antibodies against HIV when he is healthy and no such antibodies when his is very sick
(c) Does not have antibodies against HIV and probably will not develop them
(d) Always has antibodies against HIV
(e) Usually has antibodies against HIV but they are difficult to detect because the HIV interferes with the test for antibodies

89. The “central dogma” of molecular biology states that
(a) DNA codes for RNA and RNA codes for protein
(b) DNA codes for protein and protein codes for RNA
(c) RNA codes for DNA and DNA codes for protein
(d) RNA codes for protein and protein codes for DNA
(e) Protein codes for RNA and RNA codes for DNA

90. Which of these diseases kills humans because of the toxins produced by the germ
(a) Syphilis
(b) vCJD
(c) Anthrax
(d) Tuberculosis
(e) HIV

91. The genes of Influenza viruses reside on or in
(a) Eight pieces of RNA
(b) Eight pieces of DNA
(c) One single piece of DNA
(d) A nucleus with highly condensed chromatin
(e) Two proteins located on the outer surface of the virus

92. The word “prion” is most likely used in connection with what disease
(a) HIV/AIDS
(b) Yaws
(c) Inhalation anthrax
(d) Stomach ulcers
(e) Mad Cow disease

93. If your tuberculin skin test is positive, that means that
(a) You have been exposed to Tuberculosis and infected by the germ
(b) You have had active Tuberculosis at some time in your life, even if not now
(c) You have active Tuberculosis now
(d) You are a carrier of Tuberculosis
(e) You are immune to Tuberculosis

94. HAART is an acronym used to describe
(a) Three common classes of HIV infected individuals (heroin addicts, anal receptive intercourse, and transderman injection drug users)
(b) Jay Levi’s name for the virus that causes AIDS
(c) The triple drug therapy used to treat HIV/AIDS currently
(d) The probability that a single act of sexual intercourse will lead to infection with HIV
(e) The surveillance network set up by the CDC to monitor the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in the US

95. Some cells in your body can ingest a whole bacterium, digest it to small pieces, attach those small pieces to a “self” molecule (also known as MHC) and put the combined “self” plus small piece onto the surface of the cell. This process is called
(a) Complement fixation
(b) Antibody binding
(c) Antigen presentation
(d) T-cell maturation
(e) Seroconversion

96. If you were asked to give a fecal sample, you would probably be suspected of carrying
(a) Typhoid fever
(b) Tuberculosis
(c) Syphilis
(d) HIV
(e) Kuru

97. Which of the following is a scientist associated with the AIDS crisis?
(a) Harvey Milk
(b) Cleve Jones
(c) Larry Kramer
(d) Gaetan Dugas
(e) Robert Gallo

98. The Influenza of the 1918 pandemic was unique because
(a) It killed very young children (under 1 year of age)
(b) It killed 20-40 year olds
(c) It killed very old people (65 and older)
(d) It killed more women than men
(e) It made people sick without killing them

99. If you go to be tested for HIV, you will probably be given an ELISA test that looks for
(a) The ratio of T-helper cells to T-supressor cells
(b) Antibodies against HIV
(c) Proteins derived from HIV
(d) RNA derived from HIV
(e) DNA derived from HIV

100. What is the cell type whose principal role is to transport antigens from the peripheral tissues to the lymph nodes, especially the portion of the node richest in T-helper cells?
(a) T-supressor cell
(b) B cell
(c) Dendritic cell
(d) Phagocyte
(e) CD4 cell

101. Which of these is true if HIV/AIDS?
(a) There are now drugs that can cure it, but they are too expensive for use in Africa or India
(b )It is almost exclusively confined to gay men now that all blood is tested before transfusion
(c) There are fewer than 1,000 deaths per year from HIV/AIDS in the US
(d) The presence of sexually transmitted diseases (e.g. genital warts and herpes) greatly increases the probability of transmitting HIV during vaginal or anal intercourse

102. Which of these is true of STDs (sexually transmitted diseases)?
(a) At least 50% of all sexually active young people have herpes, genital warts, or another STD
(b) The presence of an STD does not affect the probability of transmitting HIV
(c) All STDs can be cured with antibiotics
(d) No STDs can be cured with antibiotics