#EastAsian – Translation Networks

#EastAsian

Translations and Interpretations of the Chinese Folk Story “Journey to the West” (西遊記)

Link to my HathiTrust Collection: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/mb?a=listis;c=437436280

Background:

1911 ink print in Japanese interpretation “Ehon Saiyūki” (https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002304742). Illustrates the transcultural interpretations of “Journey to the West” through the distinct Japanese style of the characters.

The “Journey to the West” is a 16th Century Chinese novel written by poet Wu Cheng’en which follows the journey of the Buddhist Monk Xuanzang who in the original retelling was tasked with bringing back sacred texts from the “West” (most likely Central Asia or India). Along his journey, he meets multiple anthropomorphic travelling companions. Among them the Monkey King “Sun Wukong” and the Pig Man “Zhu Bajie”. Each of the main characters in “Journey to the West” has their own extensive backstory and narrative history. Typically these separate stories like “Monkey King” are regarded as all falling under the collective umbrella of “Journey to the West”.

My Collection

The goal of my collection is to investigate the different retellings of the story through the dimensions of language and time. As a kid, we had an old VHS tape that we passed around with the neighbors that had a Chinese language cartoon of “Journey to the West”. Upon researching the original story, I was surprised how the version I remembered from my childhood differed significantly from the original retelling. This got me curious as to how the story evolved over time and the role language might have played in its evolution. As a result my collection contains versions of “Journey to the West” in Chinese, English, and Japanese with varying publication dates from the 16th century to the modern era.

Below is a page from the first volume of a printing of the original “Journey to the West”. Note the right to left column reading convention as well as the traditional writing of the characters. What is particularly interesting is the use of modern Chinese punctuation which was only introduced in 1920 in conjunction with traditional Chinese judou markings. This is anachronistic considering the publication date given by HathiTrust of 1696 where traditional Chinese punctuation would still have been used. This raises the question of how HathiTrust determines the publication date when collecting metadata for sources. In the Sawyer Seminar, it was mentioned by librarian Leigh Billings that OCR provides the basis for a lot of the meta data generated by HathiTrust. In this case there was no indication in the Full View of the source that a publication date was provided so it raises the question as to both what extraneous sources HathiTrust relies on for metadata as well as the credibility of such sources. Much like the upside down Persian work in the Lightning Talk, this source is also mis-catalogued in HathiTrust.

I was inspired to look deeper into the evolution of Chinese writing scripts by my classmate Yao Tan’s blog post about the lingual speciation of Japanese Kanji and Chinese. Connections like these don’t seem to be picked up by OCR very frequently so it seems to be a way for humans with domain specific knowledge to find valuable connections ignored by machine learning.

Note the provided publication date

Analysis:

Translations and Interpretations of the Chinese Folk Story “Journey to the West” (西遊記) Read More »

Law and criminal procedure in Chinese and Japanese culture

Here is the link to my HathiTrust collection: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/mb?a=listis&c=2025309776

There are multiple publications about law, criminal procedure, and political system formation in the 1980s in both China and Japan. In this specific period, I want to figure out if there are some possible relationships between the foundation of the general political and constitutional systems of these two east Asian countries. After searching the relevant sources in HathiTrust, I noticed that around the time of the early 1900s, there were multiple similar publications in both China and Japan defining constitutional law and law system history. Thus, I would like to try to build some connections by including sources from that early period of time as well.

https://hdl.handle.net/2027/keio.10810835134?urlappend=%3Bseq=9%3Bownerid=24380141-356

https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000797129

The above two images displayed a close look at the establishment of the Japanese and Chinese law systems from two different periods. I chose these two images because the first one was from the 1910s, at that time when Japan just started to consider improving its law system. From the page image I provided, though most of you (including me) do not know much about the Japanese, we could still gain some information from some Kanji such as “天皇” who was the top character of Japan. The second catalog record displayed cases of Chinese criminal procedure from 1984. This was also a time when China started to consider improving or completing its law system. Though they were from different periods, they were in common in the case of the goal and direction of improving the law.

One important thing from the hyperlinked lightning talks that could be related to my example was the different translations of “The crescent moon” in both Chinese and English versions. What I was interested in was the way that Chinese translators and English translators thought when translating the same thing. After taking a closer look at the two pages, I noticed that though the general meaning of the poem was the same in both translations, the ways of translation were different at some points. For instance, how the translators divided the sentences were kind of different. I was interested in the potential influences that might be brought when considering my example, as what it showed in the hyperlinked lightning talks. For instance, will it be possible that I will find something different when searching in the English language instead of Chinese and Japanese?

https://umich.zoom.us/rec/share/92G9u9oXnc9LOhEnJ6m4u1U5–py-NvNGM4ZMyxRaw7KTMl7JyCVXEYUfiuko54.AfjWntBWqkgxjD4V

The screencast above recorded a search of Japanese law relevant resources in the 1910s in HathiTrust using two different languages. First, I searched with Japanese/Chinese characters, and then I used English to search. In this way, I assumed I could discover some translations of similar items in different languages in the same period. In this screencast, I used the keyword “Japanese law” to start my searching, and expanded it with more relevant topics to Japanese/Chinese characters. And then, I successfully found something I wanted. This was also inspired by what I mentioned above from the lightning talks.

After reading Yao’s post discussing the difference between the sounds of Chinese and Japanese languages regarding similar characters, I discovered that there might be some possible impacts that might be brought according to this. When both of us were searching in HathiTrust, it was possible for us to encounter difficulties looking after sources in Chinese or Japanese versions since similar characters might have different results. Not only Chinese and Japanese, the inter-influence of many east Asian countries’ was worth considering, including languages, literature, cultures, and even law systems which I was interested in my example.

One thing that was really helpful to me from the Sawyer seminar was what Olan Munson talked about by the end of the third video clip about looking for better quality scanning. She mentioned that sometimes it might be difficult to find pages in a specific language with a good quality image, but you can always try to look after similar sources in other related languages. For instance, if I can not find a good quality image from Korean sources, I can try to search for other similar sources that were written in the Korean-Chinese system, which might be helpful. In my example, once I can not find the good quality full text in Japanese or Chinese, it would be a good idea to look after the English version of that topic or try to search for sources in mixed languages.

Law and criminal procedure in Chinese and Japanese culture Read More »

Hanzi? Kanji?

My collection: http://: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/mb?a=listis&c=1122358922

This collection is based on works written by Tao, Qian and Su, Shi. They were both very famous authors one thousand years ago and their works are wide spread in East Asia. The screenshots shows the Chinese version and the Japanese version of Su, Shi’s Qian Chibi Fu. Even though they look very similar, how they sound are very different. Take the first sentense for example, the Chinese version is pronounced as “Ren xu zhi qiu” while the Japanese version is “jin jyutsu no aki.” They sound completely different from each other. It is interesting to see how Chinese and Japanese have similar writing system but very different speaking system one thousand years ago.

As you can see in the screenshots below, this book has Chinese on one page and Japanese on another page and their writing systems share so many similarities. I am able to establish a connection to The Baitál pachísí in the lightning talk mindmap. It is very similar to the books written in multiple languages during the colonial era. In addition, the Xin yue ji (The crescent moon) also connects to the example below since both are collections of poems. Both are written in non-simplified Chinese in a vertical order from right to left. However, as you read the actual content of them, you can find that their use of grammar and choice of words are completely different while the hanzi characters they use are the same. Xin yue ji is more colloquial and informal and my example is more serious and hard to understand.  

Catalog: https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/102432966

Click on the screenshot to see the Hathitrust page.

Chinese

Japanese (starting from the second right most column)

https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3628003&view=1up&seq=58&skin=202

From Xiaoxi Zhang’s presentation on a Chinese translation of Bengali prose poems via English, I learnt that Chinese has two different sets of characters and writing systems. To me, it is mind-blowing to see that written Chinese is completely different from today, and I am unable to read if I time traveled to China 100 years ago. Also, Zhang’s presentation is one of my major reasons to research deep into ancient Chinese literature in Asian297. During my research, I found a fun fact that at that time, translated books about math, science, and engineering were written from left to right horizontally at that time, since the translators found it annoying and hard to read if they tried to squeeze all the math formulas in the Chinese texts written horizontally.

In Kimberly’s blog, I really like how she compared two versions of Jing Ping Mei published in different times to show how the way of language is being used and the examples of the transformation of Chinese characters. Even though both literature and characters evolved a lot during centuries, from her example, I learned the change in the language itself. And the later part is a perfect example of how Chinese change in its form of writing, making connection to my discussion about the ancient writing system in China and Japan, as well as my connection to Xin Yue Ji.

Highlighting translation

I managed to get access to the no-full-view book via the interlibrary loan, which is super cool. The book is a Chinese-English translation of the poems and the author made connection between Tao, Qian, the poet, and a British poet, David Watson since Tao, Qian work satifies Watson’s theory of poetry. This is a connection that can never be found by robots.

Category: translation

Under this category, I am able to connect my work with abschmit, tsween, huang, zhang and yan’s discussion on their collections

Link to network: http://www.translationnetworks.com/networks/341

Hanzi? Kanji? Read More »

Mulan

Before starting college, I had never learned anything related to Asian history in high school. Although, I did grow up with Disney’s Mulan and other Chinese legends like the Moon Goddess. I also watched The Guardian Brothers, which was based on another Chinese folktale similarly changed as the Western version of Mulan was created. I never realized that these stories were based on other stories from Chinese culture and not something they created based on their culture. This is why when I got to college, I really wanted to go into Asian Studies, and from my classes here, I feel I am finally putting the histories together little by little. From my Asian 235 class, we learned about how Star Wars was inspired by a Japanese movie. Then in my Asian 263 class, we learned about how translations and how these texts came together. This is interesting because I remember hearing about these philosophers when I was younger, and it shows that each country or culture really influences each other. This is why I think Translation Networks are very important to us because they can tell us the histories behind how things came to be today, but also what things were like during that time, what ideas they held, events that influenced literature, and so much more. I wanted to focus on this idea of how everything is connected, and there is a starting point or origin to every story and idea, and this is why I decided to focus on Mulan, as it is just one representation of a whole group and how its history is much more than just what Disney made it out to be.

My collection: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/mb?a=listis&c=1329525894

My Collection focuses on different variations of the original Poem Ballad of Mulan from different time periods or across different cultures and languages (mostly only Chinese and English). The Ballad of Mulan doesn’t tell a full story and leaves out certain parts that are prominent in the US or other Chinese retellings of the story, which is what makes these variations of the story open for interpretation. This collection aims to find these discrepancies and the background regarding why it is the way it is by finding how these stories are telling these messages through how it is told.

This is the English translated poem of Mulan within a book of other translated Chinese poems, and I never knew that Mulan was based on a poem that has survived many years. I couldn’t find the original one on HathiTrust, but I did find this translation and what I thought was interesting about it was that it lacks lots of details that were mentioned in the Disney version. There were no mentions of what happened during the war or what happened after the war. There are many fill-in-the-blanks needed to be done, and there were many adaptations in China that I was not able to find and understand, but I do know it is slightly different for each one. I think it would be very fascinating to see all of these differences and similarities.

https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006763773

As it turns out, the other story that I originally thought was the same as my main source above is not the same as it turns out to be. Although they both include similar pictures (which is why I thought they were the same), I think that connections would be very cool to look into more if you had more knowledge on this subject. 

In addition to the similar photos, there are also ads included in the books. I wonder why this is because in the US we do not include ads within our books, and it only contains the writing. This might be something else to look into and how texts can tell us about the people of the past for what they like and how the ad is targeting them. Overall, I wish I could’ve found English translations of the text of Mulan and discovered what made these separate distinctions between the stories. I did, however, find a source that did tell me a little bit about how each story had a focus based on the cultural elements of each time, such as a focus on filial piety and then more on being a strong woman. Something I learned from a classmate is that there is also an effect of literature on people, for example, how people were against the stories she found because the topic was taboo. In addition, too many other students showed me that it could be both ways: from culture impacting literature and literature being important to history. It shows that history, culture, and the people all influence each other whether we acknowledge it or not. This is what makes literature so fascinating to me because for every story, there is a past, and for every story, it makes an impact on the people. This is something that I got from Xiaoxi’s lightning talk on how some Chinese texts have traditional and simplified Chinese characters written in them; that really helped me to see how “relationships are expressed in language.” 

Mulan Read More »

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