Summary: Levis et al. (SCIENCE03 MAR 2017 : 925-931) challenge the idea that Amazon forests were largely untouched by humans prior to 1492. Specifically, they show that forest plots near archeological sites are enriched with useful tree species relative to plots located farther away from these sites. This is an intriguing finding, but the idea that prehistoric gardening has broadly shaped Amazon forests is problematic: (1) Amazon forest inventory plots are spatially biased toward human settlements (both ancient and modern) so broader extrapolation is not warranted; (2) Most useful tree species have short lifetimes and their local enrichment should not persist after several hundred years; (3) Amazon people still care for these useful tree species, making it it difficult (if not impossible) to disentangle ancient and modern impacts. The simplest interpretation is that Amazon research plots are often established in forests used by rubber tappers, small-scale farmers, or other recent peoples.